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Chemistry > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

acid

A

A substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution

Arrhenius

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2
Q

acidity

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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3
Q

activation energy

A

The minimum energy required by the reactants for the reaction to occur.
Ea
This energy is required to break the bonds of the reactants.

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4
Q

Active Site

A

The specific part of the enzyme with which the reactant can interact.

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5
Q

Addition Reaction

A

A reactant in which a molecule binds to an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

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6
Q

Alkali

A

Soluble base

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7
Q

Alkali Metal

A

Group 1 metals

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8
Q

Alkane

A

Saturated hydrocarbon. (No multiple bonds )

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9
Q

Alkene

A

Hydrocarbon with at least one double bond

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10
Q

Allotrope

A

Different forms of the same element

e.g. diamond and graphite for carbon

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11
Q

Alloy

A

Mixture of metals

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12
Q

Amorphous

A

A structure that has no consistent arrangement of atoms.

carbon - charcoal.

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13
Q

Anion

A

negative ion

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14
Q

Arrhenius theory

A

Acid makes hydrogen ions

Bases make hydroxide ions

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15
Q

Asymmetrical molecule

A

A molecule in which the polar bonds are not evenly distributed

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16
Q

Atom

A

The basic building block of matter.

Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.

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17
Q

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS

A

An analytical technique that uses light absoption to measure the concentration of a metal in a sample.

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18
Q

Avagadro’s Law

A

At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases have the same number of particles.

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19
Q

Base

A

A substance that produces a hydroxide ion in solution

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20
Q

carbon-12

A

the isotope of carbon that has a mass no of 12.

1 carbon 12 atom has an atomic mass of exactly 12 a.m.u. (atomic mass units )

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21
Q

catalysis

A

The increase of the rate of a chemical reaction due to the presence of a catalyst.

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22
Q

catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction.

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23
Q

cation

A

positive ion

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24
Q

centrifugation

A

A separation process that uses the action of rapid rotation to accelerate the settling of particles in a solid-liquid mixture.

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25
Q

chemical energy

A

Form of energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms and molecules ( 1 and 2 bonding)

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26
Q

Chromatography

A

A technique for separating the components of a mixture.

using mobile phase/stationary phase.

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27
Q

Combustion

A

Rapid reaction with oxygen

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28
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance that is made up of different types of atoms in a fixed ratio

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29
Q

Concentrated solution

A

A solution with relatively high amount of solute to solvent.

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30
Q

Concentration

A

How much solute is dissolved in a specific volume of solvent

per litre, per millilitre

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31
Q

Conductivity

A

permitting the flow of electric charges

electrons or ions

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32
Q

controlled variable

A

variable kept constant to make investigation fair.

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33
Q

Core Charge

A

Effective Nuclear Charge

The nuclear charge felt by the valence (outer) electrons
They are shielded by electrons in the inner shells.

34
Q

Covalent Bond

A

The force of attraction when one or more pairs of electrons are shared between two nucleii.

35
Q

Covalent Network Lattice

A

The arrangement of ATOMS in a lattice in which their are strong covalent bonds between the atoms in all three dimensions.
e.g. diamond

36
Q

Decantation

A

A separation process in which a layer of liquid is separated from the solid that has settled to the bottom of the liquid.

37
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

A reaction in which a compound is broken down into smaller parts.

38
Q

delocalised electron

A

An electron that is not restricted to the region between two atoms.
e.g. metals

39
Q

Density

A

mass per unit volume e.g. grams/litre

40
Q

Desorption

A

The breaking of attraction between a substance and the surface to which it has adsorbed

41
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is measured or observed.

42
Q

Diffusion

A

All the gases in a gas mixture spread to fill the available space.

43
Q

Dilute solution

A

A solution that has a relatively low amount of solute per amount of solvent.

44
Q

Dilution

A

The addition of solvent to a solution to reduce its concentration.

45
Q

Dipole

A

The separation of positive and negative charges.

46
Q

Dipole - Dipole bond

A

An intermolecular ( between molecules) that occurs between polar molecules.

47
Q

Diprotic acid

A

An acid that makes 2 hydrogen ions

48
Q

Dispersion bonds

A

The force of attraction between molecules due to temporary dipoles induced in the molecules.

49
Q

Distillation

A

A method of separation of a solution by evaporating, condensing and collecting. (Usually liquids)
The substance with the lowest bpt comes off first

50
Q

Ductile

A

can be drawn into a wire

51
Q

Elastic collision

A

a collision between particles that keeps their KE the same

52
Q

Electrolyte

A

A solution or molten substance that conducts electricity.

i.e. has ions.

53
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

A form of energy what moves through space.

e.g. light

54
Q

Electron density

A

The concentration of electrons in areas around the nucleus.

Usually refers to molecules

55
Q

Electron dot diagram

A

Lewis diagram.

Show how the electrons are arranged inside a molecule/ion.

56
Q

Electron shell

A

A fixed energy level that corresponds to a circular orbit around the nucleus of the electrons.

57
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract electrons ( in a covalent bond).

58
Q

Electrostatic attraction

A

The force of attraction between a positively charged particle and a negatively charged particle

59
Q

Element

A

A substance made up of atoms with the same atomic number.

e.g. no of protons

60
Q

eluent

A

The solvent that carries the components and passes through a chromatography column.

61
Q

Emission spectrum

A

A spectrum produced when an element is excited by heat or radiation.

62
Q

Empirical formula

A

A compound’s formula in simplest ratio.

C5H10 = CH2

63
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings

64
Q

Energy level

A

One of the different shells of an atom in which an electron can be found

65
Q

Enthalpy

A

Heat content.

The sum of the chemical potential and kinetic energies in a substance.

66
Q

Enzyme

A

biological catalyst

67
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction that releases energy into the surroundings

68
Q

Filtrate

A

The purified liquid that passes through the filter paper.

69
Q

filtration

A

The process of removing solids from a liquid or gas (fluid). Uses a mesh or filter.

70
Q

First ionization energy

A

The energy required to remove one electron from an atom (in the gas phase.)

71
Q

Flocculation

A

The process when small particles come together to form larger, heavier particles.
Water treatment

72
Q

Fractional distillation

A

A form of distillation that separates a solution of different liquids. ( different bpts)

73
Q

Geometric isomer

A

A type of stereoisomer that occurs around a double bond

Cis or trans

74
Q

Graphite

A

an allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms form layers.

75
Q

Ground state

A

A atom with electrons in the lowest possible energy levels

76
Q

Group

A

Vertical column of the periodic table

77
Q

Heat capacity

A

A measure of a substance’s ability to absorb heat.

78
Q

Heat of combustion

A

The enthalpy change that occurs when 1 L of fuel is burnt completely in oxygen.

79
Q

Heat of reaction

A

Enthalpy change. Exchange of heat between the system and the surroundings

^H. can be positive or negative

80
Q

Heterogeneous

A

different

May have different phases e.g. liquid and solids

81
Q

HPLC High performance Liquid Chromatography

A

Very sensitive technique used to separate the components in a mixture,
identify the components
measure their concentrations

Chemistry (15 decks)

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