exam reviewer Flashcards
1
Q
communication comes from the old french word:
A
communicacion
2
Q
this latin word means to share, divide out, communicate, impart, inform, join, unite, participate in
A
communicare
3
Q
whose definition is this?
Communication as the sharing of meaning by sending and receiving symbolic cues
A
grice and skinner - 2010
4
Q
whose definition is this?
Communication as a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.
A
Samovar, Porter, and McDaniel (2010)
5
Q
whose definition is this?
Communication as an interdependent process of sending, receiving, and understanding messages.
A
Dunn and Goodnight (2003)
6
Q
who gave four salient functions of communication?
A
Samovar et al. (2010)
7
Q
This type of communication is unstructured and spontaneous. It is more difficult to understand and to do as it is not always something we can control.
A
non-verbal communication
8
Q
Types of non-verbal communication: 8
FGBPPEHA
A
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
BODY LANGUAGE
PROXEMICS
PARALINGUISTICS
EYE GAZE
HAPTICS
APPEARANCE
9
Q
an interaction in which words are used to relay a message
A
verbal communication
10
Q
in verbal communication, you should take note or be aware of the following:
ABCEV
A
APPROPRIATENESS
BREVITY
CLARITY
ETHICS
VIVIDNESS
11
Q
Communication has 2 levels of meaning:
A
content and relationship
12
Q
types of communication tenets:
DICCTLS
A
dynamic
irreversible
contextualized
continuous
transaction
learned
sharing of meanings
13
Q
How many stages are there before we reach the point of understanding?
A
6 stages
14
Q
what are the communication processes
IETRDF
A
Idea - i think
Encode - I deliberate
Transmission - I throw
Receiving - I obtain
Decoding - I interpret
Feedback - I react
15
Q
What is sent through a channel and media?
A
message
16
Q
what do u call everything that you have learned and experienced. This plays a part in how we perceive or receive messages?
A
Schema/Schemata
17
Q
Who is the first one to explain communication graphically?
A
aristotle
18
Q
whose model of communication is linear and only has one direction?
A
aristotle
19
Q
It is not static, it is always moving, it not fixed, and always changing
A
communication is dynamic
20
Q
ideas communicated to others cannot be taken back
A
communication is irreversible
21
Q
say the right word to the right person at the right time
→ it may occur in various settings and circumstances
A
Communication is contextualized
22
Q
who said
“If all my possessions were taken from me with one exception, I would hope to keep my power of communication— for by it I would regain all rest.”
A
daniel webster
23
Q
→ it may involve constant interaction between the sender and the receiver
→ it’s never ending; wherever you are, whatever you do, communication is always there
→ it is a continuous process of sharing information to a person or to a group of persons
A
Communication is continuous
24
Q
since it is continuous, there is a constant reversal of roles for the sender and the receiver
→ it is always a two-way process and that acknowledges the active participation of both the sender and the receiver
A
Communication is transactional
25
→ it can be mastered through practice
→ practice makes it perfect
Communication is learned
26
→ effective communication requires that both parties are on the same page
→ for them to be able to share, both of them should be in the same page
Communication is shared meanings
27
sender is to?
receiver
28
Speaker is to?
listener
29
→responsible for the huge portion of the non verbal communication and that’s our face
→consider how much information can be conveyed when someone is smiling or frowning
facial expressions
29
writer is to?
reader
30
→ a movement of part of the body to express an idea or meaning
→ is a form of non-verbal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel with spoken words.
Gestures
31
→ is the use of physical behavior, expressions, and mannerisms to communicate non-verbally
Body Language
32
→ something to do with distance →it is affected by social norms, situational factors, personal characteristics, and level of familiarity
Proxemics
33
→ refers to your vocal communication
→it’s about the sound: tone, loudness, and pitch of your voice
paralinguistics
34
Eye Gaze
→ The eyes play a role in nonverbal communication, with ⁃such things as looking, staring, and blinking being important cues.
Eye Gaze
35
what is a branch of nonverbal communication that refers to the ways in which people and animals communicate and interact via the sense of touch
Haptics
36
→Our choice of clothing, hairstyle, and other appearance factors are also considered a means of nonverbal communication
appearance
37
it is the sutdy of time
chronemics
38
it is rule specific and almost always planned
verbal communication
39
what are the two types of verbal forms of comm?
passive and active
40
→ verbal forms of communication should fit the context it is used shows what characteristic?
Appropriateness
41
→ from the word brief
→ simple, but precise and meaningful
→ keep it short and simple
brevity
41
→ consider GREPS (gender, roles, ethnicity, preference ,status)
→ your language should be appropriate
Ethics
42
Focus on the concrete rather than the abstract
→ you must create and leave a picture in the mind of your audience
vividness
43
who created the 9cs?
chez misko
44
wat is knowing which medium is available at your disposal, and determining which of these may be considered, as the most effective way that would make your message reach your intended audience
choosing the right medium
45
→should be understandable
→refers to avoiding being vague or unclear with what you are communicating;
Clarity
46
→ both the verbal and nonverbal should compliment each other
Congruency
47
→ suggests that after you have communicated the message to the other person, you have to find ways in testing your receiver to verify or confirm that the message was indeed received, in the truest sense of the word.
Checking for understanding
48
→ both the audience and speaker should be speaking the same language so there will be an understanding
common language
49
→ message that you want to delive
Content
50
→ what the speaker had already said before should be the same if she’s going to say about the same topic
Consistency
51
→ you have to be direct to the point and don’t use unnecessary words
Conciseness
52
→ the language used should fit into the audience you’re talking to
Considering your audience
53
what is a process and series of steps of something or someone has to undergo in order to achieve something
communication process
54
→ the bridge between sender and the receiver and visa versa
Channel and Medium
55
→ the sender’s choice between verbal and non verbal
Channel
56
→ verbal: the physical device in which the message will be transmitted
→ non verbal: the action in which the message will be transmitted
Medium
57
stage where idea is formulated and the sender of the message expresses his desire to express his idea
idea or i think stage
57
stage where the sender decides what channel and what medium to use
encoding or i deliberate stage
58
stage where sender throws the message to the receiver
transmission or i throw stage
59
stage where the receiver receives the message coming from the sender
receiving or i obtain stage
60
stage where u try to understand the message
decoding or i interpret stage
61
the receiver is expected to respond to the message that was sent
feedback or i react stage
62
these are different factors that prevent people from communicating effectively
communication barriers
63
→ the reality frame of an individual. it is perceived as one individual.
Perception and Languages
64
→ when the person listening does selective listening
→ not being attentive
Poor Listening
65
→ what is acceptable to one may not be acceptable to another
Cultural Differences
66
→ misunderstanding brought by the medium
Physical Distraction
67
→ too much of something may not always yield a positive result
information Overload
68
→ fragmentation
→ information may be twice or thrice removed from the truth
Incorrect Filtering
69
→ happens when a company does not foster a harmonious relationship with the employees
Closed communication climate
70
→ it means that you uncover the creation of the models in the order.
→ they conceptualized it from the very first of the latest
Historical Approach
71
→ you uncover the secrets behind each model by looking at the
common denominator and their distinguishing characteristics
Thematic Approach
72
→ known as the earliest model ever created
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
73
speaker-centered model
→ The speaker delivers a speech on a specific occasion to an audience, and there is an expected effect of the message to the audience.
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
74
→ was conceptualized sometime in 1948
→ It appears to be similar to Aristotle’s. It also has 5 variables, but this time there's a channel and medium.
→ user as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication progress and components
LASWELL'S MODEL
75
→ This model was conceptualized and popularized sometime in 1949.
→It is considered as the "Mother of communication models"
→ The source, message, channel, and receiver are influenced by different factors
SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
76
→ It was created sometime in 1954
→ This model compares the sender and the receiver to two circles of a Venn diagram. The two circles represent the sender and the receiver.
SCHRAMM’S MODEL
77
→ The next model was created sometime in 1960.
→ This is sometimes referred to as the SMCR model, because of the variables which the model suggests are necessary for interaction to take place
BERLO’S MODEL
78
→ created in 1970
→ It offers a fresh take on the communication model
→ It previously created model stick to the idea of the process as either linear or interactive barn lens model
→ It describes the communication process as transactional. It means that the process of interaction is simultaneous resulting in the interlockets, assuming both the
role of the sender and the receiver of the message at the same time
BERLUND’S MODEL
79
→ created sometime in 2009 of all the models.
→If we are to describe this model, we can consider it as a model, combining Schramm and Barlund's model
Time is considered as an important factor to consider in the communication process. This means that the more time the
sender and the receiver interact with each other, the greater, or wider, their field of common experience, or commonalities becomes.
JULIA WOOD’S MODEL
80
→ are those who view communication as a one-way process
→ it begins with the center and ends with the receiver communication process
linear
81
→ two-way communication
→ used for new media like the internet
→ there is feedback
→ interactive but not simultaneous
Interactive
82
→ senders and receivers interchange roles
→ simultaneous feedback
→ context of environment and noise
Transactional
83
→ the sender or the receivers may find themselves going back to the previous stages, directify or to correct a task, which they should've taken seriously because they are necessary for making them succeed in the next stage of the process
Recursive
84
→ where the participants take turns in assuming the role of the sender and the receiver.
Transactional
85
→ The process can also be considered cyclical because of the receiver's response, it initiates the new cycle for the communication process.
Cyclical
86
This communication model is relevant today because of the influence cyberspace has in the generation today. Cyberspace as defined by Collins English Dictionary (n.d.) is a term that covers all the data stored in a large computer or network represented as a three-dimensional model through which a virtual-reality user can move.
E-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION MODEL
87
they play an interchanging role in the process. The roles shift when one party gives feedback to the other party.
sender and the receiver
88
→ This is what the receiver of the message wants to convey. It may be an idea, opinion, reaction, or comments.
Message
89
→ This model highlights how the message or information is relayed to the other party.
Medium/Channel
90
→ is a feature of many web-based communication sites
Email
91
→ is a shortened form of weblog. It is a website that allows everyone to share his/ her own experiences, observations, opinions, reactions, reflections, and comments on a particular issue.
Blog
92
People who are working away from their family have always been up to date with their loved ones because of a faster, real-time, and easy way of communication
video call
93
→ E-mediated communication is a creative way of relaying the sender's ideas to the receiver. There are various words and symbols used in digital technology such as text emoticons or emoji.
Feedback
94
→ is very important in this model as it shapes the way tie messages may be interpreted. Both the sender and the receiver should be aware of each other.
Context
95
this type of communication happens when the same person acts as both the sender and receiver if the message
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
96
this type of communication happens when the sender and the receiver are two different factors
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
97
this type of communication is sometimes also referred to as dyadic communication
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
98
as communication occurring between two people who engage in face-to-face interaction for purposes of social facilitation or fulfillment or the exchange of ideas and information. The two parties share the responsibility for successful interaction.
DYADIC COMMUNICATION
99
the dearer the person to you, that means your are intimate to the person, and you can have an intimate and personal communication with her
Intimate & Personal
100
takes place in a professional context, such as between an employee and supervisor.
Formal & Impersonal
101
this type of communication happens when there are more than one sender and receiver interacting with on other
- working in teams
group comm
102
does not care so much and places no value over the feelings of other people. when you talk to them, it doesn't matter what others opinion are, as long as everybody else do what he/she says
Controlling
103
who not only willingly give information but allows other to do the same
egalitarian
104
who sees to it that that all members follow a systematic way of doing things
Structuring
105
who encourages other people to participate
the life of the group
Dynamic
106
who gives way other to avoid conflicts
everyone is giving their opinion and then here you are just agreeing with them
Relinquishing
107
who does not want to anything to do with the group
texting or using their phone and doesn’t cooperate or participate actively
Withdrawing
108
happens when there is one sender giving a message to a large group of receivers
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
109
communication through television, radio, newspaper, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
MASS COMMUNICATION
110
lack of knowledge on cultural differences promotes ethnocentrism and stereotyping
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
111
is the act of judging another culture based on perceptions that are found in the values and standards of one’s own culture- especially regarding language, behavior, customs, and religion
Ethnocentrism
112
a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people -Cardwell, 1996
Stereotyping
113
refers to a group’s expectations from its people
Social values
114
differences in how people contribute to the society
difference on how one person from one country treats another person and how another person from another country treats another person.
Roles and Status
115
differences in the length of time spent to come up with a decision
Canadians are fast when it comes to decision making while Japanese takes more time to decide
Decision-making customs
116
differences in the value of time
Concept of time
117
difference in proximity when communicating
Personal Space
118
how far or how near you can be to the person you are talking with
Proxemics
119
differences in how meaning is conveyed
Cultural Context
120
enrich the values, rules, and social norms are primarily communicated through the use of contextual elements such as body language and tone of the voice
High context culture
121
relies on the spoken or written words to communicate meaning therefore it uses the verbal communication
Low context culture
122
differences in the concept of what is rude and polite
considered rude in one country can be considered as not rude in another country
Behavior and Manners
123
differences in non-verbal meanings
some gestures are same, accepted, and polite in other countries while some are not
Gestures and Body language
124
differences in the laws of the land and the society
justice systems can differ from one country and another
Legal and Ethical
125
cultural differences between companies
Corporate Cultural Differences
126
Proverbs and sayings are not just traditional phrases handed down from generation to generation, says cultural historian Cheng Pei-kai.
Proverbs reflect culture
127
The squeaking wheel gets the grease
US Proverbs & German Proverbs
128
The nail that sticks up gets pounded down
Japanese Proverb
129
STAGES OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY
DDMAAI
DENIAL
DEFENSE
MINIMIZATION
ACCEPTANCE
ADAPTATION
INTEGRATION
130
Person is someone who doesn't want to recognize other culture
mind is closed and only recognizes their own culture
"there are no other cultures, except my culture"
Denial
131
Person acknowledges, but thinks highly of his culture
recognize that there are other cultures but believes and thinks that their culture is the best
Stage 2: Defense
132
Persons acknowledges but asserts universality
There are differences but everything is universal
Stage 3: Minimization
133
Person starts to appreciate
Appreciating the culture of other persons
Stage 4: Acceptance
134
Person starts to imitate
Stage 5: Adaptation
135
Person starts to reflect
Starts imbibing the whole culture
You just don't accept but gets everything from the culture
Stage 6: Integration
136
COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS
R/C S M E I
REGULATION/CONTROL
SOCIAL INTERACTION
MOTIVATION
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
INFORMATION
137
We communicate because we want people we interact with to manage their behavior or sometimes because we want them do things as we please
REGULATION/CONTROL
138
We communicate because we want to form bonds with other people, or it is our way of forging friendships with them.
Social Interaction
139
We communicate because we want to persuade, convince, or inspire others
One of the positive demands in communication is the proper motivation
Motivation
140
We communicate because we want to appeal to the emotions of other people
Emotional Expression
141
We communicate because we have ideas based on facts, figures, statistics and other reliable sources that we want to share with others
Information
142
Informative vs.
Instructive
143
Motivation vs.
Persuasion
144
Social Interaction vs.
Aesthetic
145
Emotional Expression =
Therapeutic
146
happens when the speaker just stops talking to express himself/herself
MESSAGE ABANDONMENT
147
happens when you use a general expression to refer to an idea you think the other person already knows about in order to save you from using the actual word
USE OF ALL-PURPOSE WORDS
148
happens when the speaker tries to change the topic or talk about something else instead of the issue that needs to be discussed
TOPIC AVOIDANCE
149
happens when you invent a term based in your knowledge of rules in forming words in a particular language
WORD COINAGE
150
happens when you translate a word or expression from one language to another word-per-word even when its essence is compromised
LITERAL TRANSLATION
151
happens when you pronounce a word in your native language as if it is a word in the target language
FOREIGNIZING
152
happens when you combine words in your native language and target language in one sentence
CODE-SWITCHING
153
happens when you finish one sentence in your target language and finish another sentence in your native language
CODE-SHIFTING
154
happens when you try to use unnecessary words or expressions in order to stall your message or to avoid dull moments or dead air
USE OF (GAP) FILLERS
155
happens when you try to work your way around an idea by describing it vividly instead if calling it by its real name
CIRCUMLOCUTION
156
happens when you try to look for a closely related word in order to refer to something
APPROXIMATION
157
happens when you try to look for a non-verbal cue that would best say what you wanted to say
USE OF NON-VERBAL CUES
158
happens when you ask someone else to explain what it is that you want to say
APPEAL FOR HELP
