Exam Review Flashcards by Anthony Micheles

Which type of ganglion cells receive cone input and relay information about small non moving objects in the center of visual field?

A- P
B- M
C- K

P cells

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In regards to information flow in and out of the primary visual cortex, cells in which layer project back to the thalamus?

A- 2
B- 5
C- 6

Layer 6

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Ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex receive information ___.

A- from one or the other eye
B- about color rather than orientation
C- about axis of orientation of the light bar

From one or the other eye

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Lesion to the right optic tract would result in ___.

A- blindness in the right eye
B-left homonymous hemianopia
C- right homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

Left homonymous hemianopia

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Which structure of the cochlea contains high concentrations of potassium ions?

A- scala vestibuli
B- scala tympani
C- scala media

Scala media

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A 60- year old man presents to your office complains of strange ankle motion when sitting after standing for long periods of time. He recently suffered a stroke, but is recovering. Upon reflex testing, your patient displays clonus. Which receptors would be involved in production of clonus?

A- Ruffini endings
B- Golgi tendon organs
C- Meissner’s corpuscles

Golgi tendon organs

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While testing jerk reflexes in a patient suffering from spinal cord injury, you discovered Hyperreflexia. You suspect involvement of the __.

A- dorsal column/ medial lemniscus pathway
B- corticospinal tract within lateral column
C- ventral horn of gray matter

Corticospinal tract within lateral column

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___ is/ are used to screen newborns for hearing defects.

A- otiacoustic emissions
B- Rinne test
C- Caloric testing

Otiacoustic emissions

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The human ear may detect sound waves in ___ diapason.

A- 20-20,000 Hz
B- 0-120 Hz
C- 400-700 nm

20-20,000 Hz

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Primary Ia fibers are stimulated by__.

A- both rate and degree of stretch
B- only by degree of stretch
C- muscle contraction

Both rate and degree of stretch

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The sensory receptors for static equilibrium can be found in the ___.

A- crista ampularris
B- maculae
C- tectorial membrane

Maculae

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In which inhibitory pathway interneurons of relay nuclei are activated by afferentfibers?

A- feed-forward
B- feedback
C- distant inhibition

Feed-forward

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Which of the following is an unencapsulated receptor?

A- Merkel Disk
B- Pacinian corpuscle
C- Ruffini ending

Merkel disk

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Medial rotation of the eyeball toward the close object being viewed is called ___.

A- accommodation
B- convergence
C- astigmatism

Convergence

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The vestibular nuclei regulate the reflex movement of the neck, limbs, and trunk via the ___.

A- dorsal column/ medial lemniscus pathway
B- vestibulospinal tract
C- medial longitudinal fasiculus

Vestibulospinal tract

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In the vestibular system, cell bodies of the 1st order sensory neurons are located in the ___.

A- superior colliculus
B- inferior olivary nucleus
C- superior and inferior vestibular ganglia

Superior and inferior ganglia

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Being hit in the arm slightly and then being hit harder will cause a change in the ___ of sensory experience.

A- modality
B- intensity
C- frequency

Intensity

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Lesion to the optic chiasm causes which visual disturbance?

A- heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia
B- homonymous contralateral hemianopia
C- ipsilateral blindness

Heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia

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In the test buds, some gustatory cells form tradition synapses with dendrites of sensory neurons and release neurotransmitter ___.

A- histamine
B- norepinephrine
C- serotonin

Serotonin

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Quinine may interfere with taste cells by blocking what channel?

A- sodium
B- calcium
C- potassium

Calcium

In olfactory bulb, which interneurons release GABA and inhibit mitral cells?

A- basal cells
B- granule cells
C- tuft cells

Granule cells

Which type of mechanoreceptors is rapidly adapting and characterized by a small size of receptive field?

A- Ruffini endings
B- Merkel disks
C- Meissner’s corpuscles

Meissner’s corpuscles

Small- diameter, myelinated fibers associated with crude touch are classified as ___ type fibers.

A- A beta
B- A delta
C- C

A delta

Mr Tomas was brutally attacked by a wild cat and suffered extensive injuries to his right leg. Although he felt pain and was well aware of his injuries, he remained extremely calm and showed no changed in his emotional state following the trauma. He most likely has a problem with his ___.

A- Dorsal column/ medial lemniscus pathway
B- Insular cortex and/ or cingulate gyrus
C- Brodmann areas 3,1,and 2

Insular cortex and/ or cingulate gyrus

Lesion to area 2 of primary somatosensory cortex would ___. A- alter the ability to differentiate the size and shape of objects B- result in deficits in the assessment of the texture of the objects C- lead to poor eye-hand coordination during reaching, grasping, and hand orientation

Alter the ability to differentiate the size and shape of the objects

Which naturally occurring agents act as primary activators of nociceptors? A- leukotrienes B- substance P C- histamine

Histamine | —Substance P is a secondary

Capsaicin binds to __ receptor which converts noxious thermal and chemical stimuli into a depolarizing electrical potential. A- TRPV1 B- AMPA C- NMDA

TRPV1

Meissner’s corpuscles are ___. A- found primarily in connective tissue B- anatomically classified as unencapsulated C- mechanoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Allodynia can be best defined as ___. A- an abnormal pain state when normally non-painful stimuli are felt as painful B- an abnormal pain state with increased sensitivity to already painful stimulus C- the “inflammatory soup”, an acidic mixture that stimulates and sensitized the nociceptors

An abnormal pain state when normally non-painful stimuli are felt as painful

Select the correct definition. A- Magnitude estimation is the simplest level of sensation B- Perceptual detection is the ability to detect how much stimulus is applied to the body C- Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face

Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face

All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the ___ A- thalamus B- reticular formation C- brainstem

Thalamus

Which statement about somatosensory cortex is correct? A- Major somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex are paracentral and cingular gyri B- Information from different parts of the body is arranged somatotopically C- The amount of space devoted to each body part is proportionally to the size of the part

Information from different parts of the body is arranged somatotopically

Transduction refers to conversion of ___. A- presynaptic nerve impulses to postsynaptic nerve impulses B- stimulus information to nerve impulses C- receptor energy to stimulus energy

Stimulus information to nerve impulses

The C fibers are afferent from the ___ nociceptors. A- polymodal B- thermal C- mechanical

Polymodal

Which tactile receptors are best to detect vibration? A- Merkel disks B- Pacinian corpuscles C- Ruffini’s corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles

In sensory systems, the higher brain centers can control the flow of information through relay nuclei by the process of ___ inhibition. A- feed-forward B- feedback C- distant

Distant

Fibers of which tract travel in dorsal part of lateral cloumn and are spared during anterolateral cordotomy? A- spinoreticular B- spinomesencephalic C- spinothalamic

Spinomesencephalic

In the somatosensory system third-order sensory neurons are located in the ___. A- cerebellum B- thalamus C- cortex

Thalamus

Gustatory cells are found in the ___ A- taste buds B- alveolar sockets C- tonsillitis crypts

Taste buds

Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? A- the receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli B- complete adaptation occurs in one to five minutes C- in order for a chemical to be sense, it must be hydrophobic

Complete adaptation occurs in one to five minutes

Taste buds are not found in the ___ papillae. A- filiform B- fugiform C- circumvallate

Filiform

Select the correct statement about olfaction. A- olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical B- some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain C- substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors

Some fo the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain

Olfactory glands produce ___ A- olfactory cells B- calcium ions C- mucus

Mucus

The synapse of the olfactory nerves with the mitral cells is called a ___ A- glomerulus B- glomus C- granule

Glomerulus

Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ___ A- movement of the otoliths B- substances in the solution C- stretching of the receptor cells

Substances in the solution

The olfactory receptor cells ___ A- use cAMP as a second messenger that acts directly on Na+ and Ca2+ channel B- relay on the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular storage, which causes depolarization C- are depolarize by the cGMP bound to Na+ and Ca2+ channel

Use cAMP as a second messenger that acts directly on Na+ and Ca2+ channel

Olfactory receptor cells ___ A- are ciliated B- are unipolar neurons C- never adapt

Are ciliate

Visual inputs to the ___ serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark A- pretectal nuclei B- superior colliculi C- suprachiasmatic nucleus

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

As sound intensity increase, we hear the sound as a louder sound at the same pitch. This suggests that ___ A- cochlear cells that respond to the same pitch vary in responsiveness B- the timing off the cochlear vibrations encodes the pitch C- inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are building up in the auditory cortex

Cochlear cells that respond to the some pitch vary in responsiveness