Exam Review Flashcards
Define metal
Shiny, good conductor, left of staircase, mostly solid, 1,2,3 valence electrons, lose electrons, mall, duct, grey, yellow, orange
Nonmetal
Dull, insulator, right of staircase, gain electrons, brittle, various colours
Metalloid
Semiconductors, share qualities of both, on staircase
Precipitate
Solid formed from the reaction of two solutions
Alkali metals
Group 1. Highly reactive, soft, shiny
Alkaline earth metals
Group 2 Light, reactive
Halogens
Group 17 Highly reactive
Noble gases
Group 18 Nonreactive
Chemical property
A description of what a substance does in a chemical reaction.
Physical property
Description of a substance without changing it into a new substance. Density, boiling point, melting point characteristic.
Bohr Diagram
Used to represent atomic structure. Nucleus contains # of protons and neutrons. Orbits drawn surrounding. Electrons drawn on. First, 2 at 12 o’clock. Second, max 8, filled clockwise at 3 o’clock, 6, 9. Go around twice. Same for next orbit, though it holds max of 18.
Lewis diagram
Element symbol in middle (including valence). Dots surround representing electron configuration in outer orbit.
Valence
Valence= ionic charge. Numeric value of electric charge on atom, followed by a plus or minus sign. Superscripted. Some metals have multiple valences.
Combining capacity
Number of other atoms a single atom can combine with chemically. Based on valence electrons, number in outer orbit. All atoms want to become stable. They achieve this by having a full outer orbit, or a stable octet. They do this by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.
Ion
A charged atom. Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
Anion
Gains one or more electron, negatively charged (nonmetals) End of name changes to “ide”
Cation
Loses one or more electrons, positively charged (metals)
Electrolyte
A solution that conducts electricity. When ionic substances dissolve, their positive and negative ions are pulled away from each other by water molecules. Water surrounds the ions and prevents them from forming into compounds again.
Ionic bond
The attraction that holds oppositely charged The simultaneous strong attraction of positive and negative ions in an ionic compound. Very strong.
covalent bond
A bond that results from the sharing of outer electrons between nonmetal atoms. Both nuclei form strong attractions for each others electrons but are not strong enough to pull them away.
Ionic compound
Overall charge zero, electrically neutral.The total negative charges equals the total positive charges. Made up of cations and anions. Metals, with a weak hold on their valence electrons, transfer their valence electrons to non metals, with a strong hold on their valence electrons. Both have a stable electron configuration. Most are hard, brittle, solids with high melting points. Most are electrolytes. Do not exist as individual particles. Most form 3D crystals, with each ion held in fixed ratios.
Molecular compound
Nonmetals combine with nonmetals, held together by covalent bonds. Made up of individual molecules. Second element’s name ends with ide. Both get a prefix according to their number in the compound. The first element never gets the prefix “mono”
Chemical equation
A way of describing a chemical reaction using chemical formulas of the reactants and products. Provides more detail
Word equation
A way of describing a chemical reaction using the names or the reactants and products. Written out in full.
Skeletal equation
Not balanced. Shows reactants and products but the atoms are not in equal proportions.
Balanced equation
Obeys law of conservation of mass. Uses coefficients to account for all atoms. There are equal numbers of each atom on both sides of the equation.
Synthesis reaction
A reaction in which two reactants combine to make a larger or more complex product. A+B—->AB
Decomposition reaction
A reaction in which a larger or more complex substance breaks down to form two or more similar products. AB—–>A+B
Single displacement
An element displaces another element in a compound, producing a new compound and a new element. Often occur in aqueous solutions. Metals displace metals and non metals displace nonmetals. Metals displace H in acids.
Double displacement
A reaction that occurs when elements in different ionic compounds displace each other or exchange places, producing two new compounds. Many occur with two ionic compounds in solution. Many form a precipitate.
Coefficient
Placed before elements/compounds, give the ratio of reactants to products in a reaction.
Combustion
The rapid reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce oxides and energy. Aka burning.
Incomplete combustion
A combustion reaction of hydrocarbons that may produce carbon monoxide, carbon, carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Occurs when oxygen supply is limited. Orange, flickering flame as evidence.
Catalyst
Speeds up a chemical reaction but is not involved, goes above the arrow.
Acid
An aqueous solution that conducts electricity, tastes sour, turns blue litmus paper red, and neutralizes bases. Molecular compounds containing hydrogen and another nonmetal that form ions in water. Hydrogen ions give acids their properties, so acids only exist in aqueous solutions. Oxyacids are polyatomic ions combined with hydrogen, in solution.
Base
An aqueous solution that conducts electricity, is bitter, slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.Many bases are ionic compounds dissolved in water containing hydroxide or carbonate ions. The anion gives bases their properties.
Indicator
A substance that changes its colour depending on the acidity or basicity of the solution.
pH
A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. A scale from 0 to 14. 7 is neutral, 0 is highly acidic, 14 is highly basic. Acidity/ basicity is determined by concentration of hydrogen/hydroxide ions. A neutral solution has equal concentrations.
Neutralization reaction
A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form an ionic compound (a salt) and water. The resulting pH is closer to 7. Usually a double displacement reaction.
Polyatomic compound
Contain at least one polyatomic ion (ions made up of more than one element) Anion named according to the ion, not individual elements.
Non electrolyte
A substance that does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Molecular compounds are non electrolytes.
Hydrocarbon
Compounds containing nothing but hydrogen and carbon. Usually originate from fossil fuels. Propane: C3H8 Methane: CH4 Octane: C8H18 Butane: C4H10
Polymer
Long chained molecules that have repeating units in them.
Metal oxide
A compound consisting of a metal and oxygen. Often a synthesis/synthesis reaction that releases energy.
Nonmetal oxide
A molecular compound where a nonmetal has reacted with oxygen.
Law of conservation of mass
In any given chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products.
Inhalation
Physically drawing air into the lungs
Exhalation
Physically pushing air out of the lungs
Lungs
Two sack like structures left and right of the heart containing air.
Trachea
Tube made of rings of cartilage below larynx, in front of esophagus, above left and right main stem bronchi. General passage for air from nasal cavity to bronchi.
Prokaryote
A single celled organism that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Bronchus
Tube made of rings of cartilage branching left and right from trachea. Travels into left and right lung, branches into bronchioles.
Bronchiole
Branches from main stem bronchus throughout lungs, ends in alveoli.
Alveoli
End of terminal bronchiole. Balloon like, tiny sac of air in the lungs that is surrounded by a network of capillaries, where gas exchange takes place between air and blood.Thin walled
Cytokinesis
Cellular part of cell division. The cytoplasm and organelles divide to form two genetically identical cells.
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. Can be thousands of times larger and be multicellular.
Diffusion
A transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and out of the cell, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Surface area
Total area of all surfaces.
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Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage covering glottis, allows food to go down esophagus. Pushes down to prevent food from going down trachea.
Glottis
Top of larynx, covered by epiglottis.
Pharynx
AKA throat, behind oral cavity, below nasal cavity, above esophagus and entrance to respiratory system. Common passage for air and food
Larynx
AKA voice box. Below glottis, above trachea. Allows speech.
Esophagus
behind trachea. Passageway for food from pharynx to stomach. Muscular tube with a smooth internal lining. Longitudinal muscles run along length. Circular muscles go around circumference. Smooth muscle tissue. Moves food bolus by peristalsis.
Nutrient
All the elements and compounds an organism needs for life functions.
Stomach
Major smooth muscle organ in the digestive system. Holds and churns food. Chemically digests proteins. Stomach lining covered in mucus. Contain cells producing digestive enzymes. Richly supplied with nerves telling us when we are full.
Large intestine/colon
1.5 m long, large diameter. Absorbs water, bacteria convert waste to vitamin K, moves waste to rectum by peristalsis.
Enzyme
A specialized protein.
Absorption
Diffusion of small nutrients from the digestive track into the blood. Mainly occurs in small intestine. Fingerlike projections of villi have a rich capillary network and high surface area.
Tumour
A mass of cells that continue to divide without any obvious function in the body despite messages to stop.
Benign
A tumour that does not not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them.
Diaphragm
Thin muscle below lungs, above stomach that contracts and relaxes to increase or decrease size of chest cavity, controlling air flow. Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.
Liver
Largest digestive organ. Makes bile, transports by way of bile duct to small intestine. Also filters toxins out of blood.
Gall bladder
Connected to liver, stores bile until needed. Travels into small intestine by way of bile duct.
Pancreas
Creates and releases enzymes into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct, including a base to neutralize acidic chyme.
Appendix
Narrow, dead end tube 3-4 inches hanging of the cecum. Helps with immune system.
Malignant
Cancer cells. A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells. May start to destroy good tissues.
Plasma
Liquid part of blood that can carry molecules of O2, CO2, and nutrients. Has a high concentration of oxygen so materials remain dissolved
Metastatsis
The process of cancer cells breaking away from the original (primary) tumour and establishing another (secondary) tumour elsewhere in the body.
Chromatid
One of two identical strands of DNA that make up a chromosome.
Small intestine
Long muscular tube that moves chyme from stomach to large intestine by peristalsis. Ridged internal surface. Water added to chyme. Physical digestion. Chemically digests carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and peptides. Covered in villi for absorption of nutrients.
Oxygenated
High in oxygen, low in CO2
Deoxygenated
Low in oxygen, high in CO2
Accessory organs
Liver, pancreas, gall bladder, salivary glands. Help with digestion by producing enzymes but not directly involved.
Heart
4 chambered organ for pumping blood. Good for air breathing, warm blooded. Double pump action, high pressure, separated ventricles, blood doesn’t mix
Arteries
Thick walled vessels to handle high pressure. Carry stuff away from the heart. Going to lungs called pulmonary.
Veins
Thin walled vessels. Carry stuff to the heart. Veins coming from lungs are pulmonary.
Capillaries
Tiny one cell thick vessels which contact individual tissue cells. Where diffusion happens.
Venules
Small branches of veins.
Arterioles
Small branches of an artery.
List and define the levels of biological organization.
Cell: Smallest structural and functional unit of life
Tissue: Group of cells working together to preform a specific function
Organ: A group of different tissues working together to preform a more complex function
Organ system: A group of organs working together
Organism: All organ systems
List and describe the stages of the cell cycle in order.
Interphase: Growth one, other life functions, synthesis: DNA gets centromere and is copied, centrosome replicated. Growth 2, organelles
Mitosis: Nuclear part of cell division, DNA in nucleus is divided
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divided including organelles, producing two genetically identical daughter cells. Plant cells: plate forms between into cell wall Animal: Cleavage furrow, membrane pinches off
Describe the stages of mitosis.
- Prophase: Nuclear membrane/nucleolus pulled apart. Centrosomes migrate to poles, produce spindle fibres, connect to centromeres, start pulling. DNA twists and condenses into chromosomes.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along equatorial plate.
- Anaphase: Spindle fibres contract to pull chromatids apart into daughter chromosomes, toward poles. Cell elongates
- Telophase: Daughter chromosomes unwind into chromatin. Two nuclei visible.Spindle fibres disappear.
Name the cellular organelles and their main functions.
Cytoplasm- Transport medium, dissolves and stores chemicals
Cell membrane: Selectively permeable, protection, capture food
Nucleus: Contains genetic material, nucleolus makes ribosomes
Mitochondrion:Cellular respiration
Endoplasmic reticulum: Transport network
Plant vacuole: Stores water, chemicals, turgor pressure
Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis
Cilia: Move cell or enviroment
Centrosome: Makes spindle fibers in mitosis
Ribosomes: Makes proteins
Lysosome:Contains enzymes to break down food or organelles
Vesicle: Delivers proteins
Golgi body: Assembles proteins
Animal vacuoles: Contains food and other substances
Cell wall: Support against gravity, protection
Flagellum: Moving
Microfilaments and microtubules: Pull stuff
Cytoskeleton: Structural support, changes shape of cell
What are the main causes of/methods detection and treatments for cancer?
Causes: Chemicals, diet, viruses, UV, tobacco, genetics
Detection: ABCDs of moles, endoscopes, X-rays, CAT, Ultrasound, MRI, biopsy, mammogram
Treatment: Radiation, surgery, chemotherapy (drugs, many side effects), biophotonics (experimental)
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+ 6 02 —-enzymes—-> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy released to build ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Describe the movement of the ribs an diaphragm and the contraction of their muscles during inhalation and exhalation.
Inhalation: External intercostals contract to lift rib cage up and out. Diaphragm contracts downward to increase size of the chest cavity.
Exhalation: Internal intercostals contract to pull rib cage down and in. Diaphragm relaxes upward to decrease the size of the chest cavity.
Differentiate between the physical and chemical digestion (function and location)
Physical:Increase surface area for enzymes to act on
Mouth: Chewing, saliva for moistening, dissolving to increase surface area. Mucin holds food bolus together, lubricates
Stomach: Muscle action to crush bolus against ridges to become acidic chyme. HCl breaks down connective tissue. Kills bacteria.
Small intestine: Muscles physically separates chyme against ridges. Water softens and dissolves. Bile emulsifies fats, increase surface area
Chemical: Chemical reactions take place using enzymes to break apart bonds to make nutrients small enough for absorption.
Mouth: Amylase digests starch
Stomach: HCl digest protein, pepsin digests polypeptides
Small intestine: Enzymes from pancreas digest carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
What are the components of saliva, gastric juice and small intestine secretions and what is their job? Where does each act?
Saliva: Water, mucin, enzymes produced by salivary glands. Acts in neutral environment of the mouth. Digests starch. Mucin helps bind together and lubricate food bolus.
Amylose + water —salivary amylase—-> smaller sugar + leftovers
Gastric juice: Water, HCl, enzymes. Physically digest food in the stomach, chemically digests protein.
Proteins + HCl —-> Polypeptides
Polypeptides + H2O —-pepsin—-> Peptides
Small intestine secretions: Various enzymes, produced by liver and pancreas.
Bile physically emulsifies fats.
A base neutralizes acidic chyme.
Carbohydrates + water —-carbohydrases—> simple sugars
Lipids + water—-lipases—> glycerol + fatty acids
Proteins + peptides + water —proteases or peptidases—–> amino acids
What are the 6 required nutrients and which ones give you energy?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water. Carbohydrates and fats give you energy.
List and describe the various types of blood vessels in the body.
Arteries: Thick walled, carry O2 and nutrients, away from heart
Arteriole: Small branches of artery
Capillary: One cell thick, in contact with individual cells of tissue.
Venule: Small branches of veins
Veins: Thin walled, contain valves to prevent backup, carry low oxygen, high CO2, to the heart
What is blood made up of?
Plasma: liquid part carrying molecules. Over half of volume
Red blood cells: High number, almost half the volume, contain hemoglobin to carry O2 and CO2, which makes appear red
White blood cells: Infection fighting cells. Recognize and destroy invading viruses and bacteria. Less than 1%
Platelets: Clot the blood. Less than 1%
Draw and label a condensed chromosome.
214
Differentiate between the terms of GAS EXCHANGE, BREATHING, and CELLULAR RESPIRATION in terms of definitions, locations, and similarities
Breathing: Process of moving air into the lungs followed by moving air out of the lungs.
Gas exchange: The diffusion of O2 into the blood from alveolus and CO2 out of the blood into the alveolus. The diffusion of O2 out of the blood and into tissue cells and CO2 from tissue cells into the blood. Occurs in alveoli and capillaries.
Cellular respiration: Diffusion of O2 into the mitochondria from cell cytoplasm for cellular respiration and diffusion of CO2 out of the mitochondria into the cell cytoplasm. Occurs within cells/mitochondria.
All involve movement of O2 into the organism and CO2 out of the organism.
Trace the path of air, food, and blood through the respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems respectively.
257a,b , 245 Low oxygen blood returning from body cells is carried to the heart by the vena cavas. Enters right atrium, passes through atrioventricular valve into right ventricle. Right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the semilunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk. Pulmonary arteries take blood to right and left lung to pick up O2 and release CO2. O2 rich blood returns to left atrium by the pulmonary veins, goes through atrioventricular valve into left ventricle which contracts, forcing it up through the aortic semilunar valve. O2 rich blood enters the aorta which carries blood through arteries, then arterioles, to capillaries, to all cells in the body. Capillaries, venules, then veins carry O2 low blood back to the right side of the heart.
259 Air enters the nasal cavity through the nose, passes through the pharynx, past the epiglottis, down the trachea, into the main stem bronchi, branching into bronchioles in each lung, and filling alveoli where O2 diffuses out and CO2 diffuses in.
273,269-272
Electromagnetic radiation
A form of radiation/energy transfer consisting of both electric and magnetic parts, does not require a medium, and travels at the speed of light.
Visible light
Any electromagnetic wave that the human eye can detect.
Wavelength
Distance between crests of an electromagnetic wave. Represented by lamna symbol. (upside down y) Long wavelength = low energy
Luminous
Produces its own light
Non luminous
Does not produce its own light, can only be seen by reflected light
Light ray
A line and arrow on a diagram representing the direction and straight line path that light is traveling
Transparent
Lets light pass through it and objects behind it can be seen clearly.
Opaque
Does not allow any light to pass through it. All incident light is absorbed or reflected and objects behind it cannot be seen.
Translucent
Allows some light to pass through it but does not clearly show objects behind it.
Plane mirror
A flat mirror consisting of a reflective surface and glass front for protection.
Concave mirror
Portion of a sphere with reflection off the inner surface. Bulge inward. Parallel light rays converge.
Convex mirror
Portion of a sphere with the reflection off the outer surface. Bulge outward in middle. Parallel light rays diverge.
Normal
A perpendicular line to the mirror surface drawn where the incident ray strikes the surface.
Reflection
The bouncing back of light from a surface
Diffuse reflection
The reflection of light off an irregular or dull surface. If the incident rays are parallel, the angles of incidence are different and the angles of reflection are different.
Specular reflection
Reflection of light off a smooth, shiny surface. If the incidence rays are parallel, the angles of incidence will be identical and the angles of reflection will be identical
Centre of curvature
The centre of the sphere used to make used to make the mirror
Angle of incidence
Angle between the incident ray and the normal.
Angle of reflection
Angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
Incident ray
The incoming ray that strikes a surface. The light emitted from an object.
Reflected ray
The ray that bounces off a reflective surface
Vertex
The point where the principle axis meets the mirror
Focus
The point at which light rays parallel to the principle axis converge.
Image
A reproduction of an original object that is produced through the use of light.
Real image
When the light is actually arriving at the image location. The image can be projected on a screen. Light rays converge in front of mirror.
Virtual image
An image in which light does not arrive at or come from the image itself. The light only appears to come from the image location. Light rays converge behind mirror.
Principle axis
The line through the centre of curvature to the midpoint of the mirror
Converge
To meet at a common point
Diverge
To spread appart
List the forms of electromagnetic radiation in order from the longest wavelength to the shortest.
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays
List the colours of visible light in order from the longest to the shortest wavelength.
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
What are the laws of reflection?
- The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane.
List all the ways light is produced.Give and example of each and explain how the light is generated.
Incandescence: Light resulting from high temperatures. Ex. Incandescent light bulbs.Inefficient, only 5-10% of electricity converted to light, the rest to heat.
Electric discharge: Electric current passing through a gas causes it to glow. Excited electrons jump to a higher energy level and emit light when they jump down. Ex. Neon lights
Phosphorescence: Coated with phosphorus. Absorbs UV light energy. Slowly releases as visible light of a lower energy. Ex. Glow in the dark materials
Fluorescence: Object absorbs UV light and immediately releases it as visible light. Ex. Fluorescent lights. Tube filled with low pressure mercury vapour. Inner surface coated with fluorescent material. Electricity causes electric discharge of UV light from mercury.
Chemiluminescence: By product of a chemical reaction. Usually no heat. Ex. Glow stick
Light from bio-luminescence: Chemiluminescence in living organisms. Requires luciferase. Ex. Firefly
Triboluminescence: Light crystals scratched, rubbed, crushed. Ex. Quarts
Light Emitting Diode: Allows electric current to flow in only one direction using semiconductors like silicone. Ex. Christmas lights
What are the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescent and incandescent lights?
Fluorescent: Good: 4 to 5 times more efficient, less heat, less electricity, bulbs last longer
Bad: More expensive, contain toxic mercury, must be disposed of properly.
Incandescent: Good: Inexpensive, simple
Bad: Inefficient, only 5-10% of electricity becomes light, the rest infrared
Draw images in plane mirrors and describe the images according to SALT
321, 325, 327
Draw respiration
259
Draw digestion
273
Draw heart
249
Draw circulation
257, b
Draw cell
199, 201
Draw cell cycle
213, 215
Draw mitosis
214, 215
Draw blood vessels
245, 247
