Biology- Systems And Stuff Flashcards
1
Q
What is the biological hierarchy?
A
Cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
2
Q
What is a cell?
A
The smallest structural and functional unit of life.
Example. Epithelial cells, red blood cells, white blood cell, nerve cell, muscle cell
3
Q
What is a tissue?
A
A group of cells working together to perform a specific function.
Example. Bicep muscles, humerus bone
4
Q
What is an organ?
A
A group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Example. Heart, lungs, stomach, liver, kidney, brain
5
Q
What is an organ system?
A
A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.
Example. Digestive system respiratory system, nervous system, sensory system, circulatory system, cardiovascular system, reproduction system, skeletal system, endocrine system, integumentary system
6
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The maintenance of a balanced internal state. The internal environment of an organism must remain stable.
7
Q
How do we obtain energy from food?
A
Digestive system.
8
Q
Food must do what in order to obtain energy from it?
A
One. Be changed into a usable form, ATP energy
Two. Be made available to all cells in the body
9
Q
What systems are the source for cellular respiration?
A
The respiratory system provides O2 and the circulatory system carries this O2 to all body cells.
10
Q
What is the function of the digestive system?
A
To process nutrients for internal environment to use in cellular respiration
11
Q
What is the function of gas exchange?
A
To obtain the oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the CO2 from cellular respiration
12
Q
What is the function of the circulatory system?
A
To Transport materials needed for cellular Respiration to every cell and he Transport waste products from the cell.
13
Q
The circulatory system links what systems?
A
The circulatory system is a transport link between the products of gas exchange and digestion, oxygen and nutrients, in cells to which it carries these materials. It also links the cells waste products (CO2) back to the gas exchange system.
14
Q
What are arteries?
A
– Thick walled vessels
– Usually Carry O2 and nutrients everywhere excepted the lungs
– Always carry blood away from the heart
15
Q
What is arteriole?
A
Small branches of an artery
16
Q
What are capillaries?
A
Tiny one cell vessels which make contact with individual cells of tissue.
17
Q
What are venules?
A
Small branches of veins.
18
Q
What are veins?
A
– Thin-walled vessels
– Contain valves which prevent blood from backing up
– Usually carry blood low in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide
– Always carry blood back to the heart
19
Q
What you call circulation from the heart to all the cells in your body except the lungs and then back to the heart?
A
Systemic circulation
20
Q
What do you call circulation from your heart to your lungs and then back to the heart?
A
Pulmonary circulation
21
Q
What is the main artery leaving your heart?
A
Aorta
22
Q
What is the main vein going to your heart from your lower body?
A
Inferior Vena Cava
23
Q
What do you call the main vein going to your heart from your upper body?
A
Superior Vena Cava
24
Q
How is blood pumped through your veins back to your heart?
A
Valves and exterior muscle tissue
25
A four chamber heart is well-suited for what?
Air breathing, warm-blooded organisms.
26
What are the advantages of a four chamber heart?
– Double pump action gives required high blood pressure
| – Separated ventricles ensure blood from lungs and body do not mix
27
Which side of the heart contains oxygen lacking blood?
The right side
28
Which side of the heart contains oxygen rich blood?
The left side
29
Draw and label a human heart
See diagram
29
What are the percentages of gases in the air?
20. 9% O2
79. 0% N2
0. 04% CO2
29
Draw and label the human respiratory system
See diagram
29
What is the description/location of the smell receptors?
Upper back portion of the nasal cavity
30
What is the description/location of the turbinate bones?
In nasal cavity
| Ridge structure
31
What is the description/location of the nasal cavity?
– Behind nostrils
– Above roof of mouth
– Below/between eyes
– Below brain
32
What is the description/location of the pharynx?
– Behind oral cavity
– Below the nasal cavity
– Above the esophagus and entrance to the respiratory system
33
What is the description/location of the epiglottis?
– Flap of cartilage
– Top of larynx
– Below the pharynx
34
What is the description/location of the larynx?
– In front of the esophagus and parallel to the esophagus
– Below the pharynx
– Above the trachea
35
What is the description/location of the esophagus?
– behind and parallel to the larynx and trachea
– Below pharynx
– Leads to the stomach
36
What is the description/location of the trachea?
– Below the Larynx
– In front of and parallel to the esophagus
– Above the left and right main stem bronchi
– Made up of rings of cartilage
37
What is the description/location of the bronchus?
– Branches left and right from trachea
– Travels into left and right lungs, Branching off into bronchioles
– Made up of rings of cartilage
38
What is the description/location of the alveolus?
– At the end of a terminal bronchiole
| – Balloon like structures covered in capillary network
39
What is the description/location of the bronchiole?
– branches from mainstem bronchi throughout lungs
| – Ends in alveoli
40
What is the description/location of the diaphragm?
– Below lungs
| – Above stomach
41
What is the function of the smell receptors?
– Sensitive to gases in the air
| – Analyze incoming air
42
What is the function of that turbinate bones?
– Increase the surface area which helps to warm and humidify it as well
43
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
– Passageway for air from nostrils to pharynx (warm and moisten air)
44
What is the function of the pharynx?
– Common passage for air from nasal cavity and mouth and food from mouth
45
What is the function of the epiglottis?
– Allows food to go down the esophagus
| – Prevents food from going down the larynx
46
What is the function of the Larynx?
– Allows speech
47
What is the function of the esophagus?
– Passage for food from mouth to stomach
48
What is the function of the trachea?
– General passageway for air from nasal cavity to bronchi
49
What is the function of the bronchus?
– Passageway for air from trachea into bronchioles
50
What is the function of the bronchioles?
Passageway for air from bronchioles to alveolus
51
What is the function of the alveolus?
– Allow O2 from alveolus to diffuse into bloodstream
| – CO2 from blood defuses into alveolus
52
What is the function of the diaphragm?
– Assist in controlling airflow by Moving downward to increase the size of chest cavity and vice versa.
53
Breathing is what sort of function?
Automatic. You do not have to think about it because your body takes care of this function
54
In your bloodstream what does your brain analyze and control?
CO2 concentration, not O2 concentration. This process is controlled at a location at the base of the brain. The sharp blow to the back of the head may cause a person to go unconscious or even stop breathing.
55
What is the structure and location of the diaphragm?
A thin muscle located just above the stomach that separates the chest region or thoracic cavity from the abdomen
56
How do ribs affect inhalation and exhalation?
– External intercostals contract to lift rib cage up and out
| – internal intercostals contract to pull rib cage down and in
57
What does the diaphragm do regarding inhalation and exhalation?
– Contracts downward to increase size of chest cavity
| – Relaxes upward to decrease the chest cavity
58
How does muscular action function in inhalation and exhalation?
Contracts, relaxes the diaphragm
59
Defined breathing
The process of moving air into the lungs, inhalation, followed by moving the air out of the lungs, exhalation
60
Define gas exchange
The diffusion of O2 into the blood from the alveoli and CO2 out of the blood into the alveoli. The diffusion of CO2 out of the blood and into tissue cells and CO2 into the blood from the tissue
61
Define cellular respiration
Diffusion of O2 into the mitochondrion from cell cytoplasm for cellular respiration and diffusion of CO2 out of the mitochondrion and into the cytoplasm
62
Cellular respiration provides energy for what?
– Movement
– Mitosis
63
What are the nutrients all organisms need for life function?
Macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Micronutrients: vitamins, minerals
Water
64
What are other substances often taken into Our digestive system?
Fiber, alcohol, medicine, preservatives, Sweetners, colorings
65
What is digestion?
The breaking down of nutrients into small enough molecules that can diffuse into cells
66
What are the functions of digestion?
One. Ingestion; digestion: physical/mechanical and chemical
| Two. absorption and egestion of waste
67
What is the difference between egestion and excretion?
Egested materials are never used by cells, excreted materials have been used and removed from cells
68
What is a digestive system?
The system of organs that animals use for processing foods to obtain nutrients.
69
What is ingestion?
Eating, putting the food in
70
What is chemical breakdown?
Using enzymes to break bonds to make small nutrients for absorption
71
What does proteins breakdown into?
Amino acid
72
What do fats break down into?
Fatty acids and glycerol
73
What do carbohydrates breakdown into?
Simple sugars
74
What is absorption?
Diffusion of small nutrients from the digestive tract, small intestine, into the blood
75
What is egestion?
Removal of solid waste from the large intestine
79
What is swallowing?
Food is pushed to the back of the mouth into the pharynx by the tongue. The action of the tongue and the moving bolus causes the closure of the epiglottis over the glottis, opening to the larynx, So that it does not enter the larynx. The bolus continues to the esophagus from the pharynx.
80
What is the inside of the esophagus made out of?
muscular tube with a smooth internal lining.
Longitudinal muscles run along its length
Circular muscles circle around the circumference
81
How is food pushed down the esophagus?
A series of rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the circular muscles in a process known as peristalsis.
82
How is food Mechanically digested in the stomach?
The smooth muscles of the stomach contract to crush the bolus against ridges to separate the bolus into smaller pieces. The muscles also help to mix the stomach juices turning the bolus into a slurry known as acidic chyme. Hydrochloric acid helps physically break down some food substances such as connective tissue. it also plays a protective role since it can kill some bacteria and microorganisms.
83
What is chemically digested in the stomach?
Protein
84
What is the formula for digesting proteins in the stomach?
Proteins+HCl -----> polypeptides
Pepsin
Polypeptides + H2O -----------------> peptides
85
Hydrochloric acid can do what to the stomach lining?
It has the potential to break down the lining of the stomach but since the stomach has a thick protective mucous lining this is not normally happen. When it does is it is is referred to as an ulcer.
86
What happens in the Small intestine for physical digestion?
This small intestine is a long muscular tube that moves the chyme from the stomach to the large intestine by peristalsis. during this journey the chyme is physically separated by the actions of the muscles and ridged internal surface of the intestine. Water is also continually added. In the first part of the small intestine the liver and pancreas add substances to assist digestion.
87
What does the liver and gall bladder do?
The liver makes a substance known as bile which can be temporarily stored in the gallbladder. The bile can travel directly from the liver or from the gallbladder by way of a bile duct into the small intestine. Bile mechanically separates large fat clumps into smaller droplets of fat in order to increase the surface area. This physical digestion of fats is known as emulsification.
88
What does the pancreas do?
The pancreas releases many chemicals into the small intestine though the pancreatic duct. One of these chemicals is a base which neutralizes the HCl from the stomach returning the pH of chyme of about seven.
89
What happens in the small intestine during chemical digestion?
Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars such as glucose by numerous different enzymes known collectively as carbohydrases. Lipids are broken down into glycerol, and alcohol, fatty acids and monoglyceride by numerous different enzymes known collectively as lipases. Proteins and peptides are broken down into a amino acid by numerous different enzymes known collectively as proteases or peptidases.
90
How do we mechanically break food into smaller pieces in our mouths?
Chewing. Chewing requires the action of the tongue to push the food between teeth and then the contraction and relaxation of the muscles. Various teeth are specialized for slicing, ripping, tearing and grinding.
91
What is the make up of saliva?
Water, mucin, enzymes such as salivary amylase
92
What role does saliva play in physically breaking down food in our mouth?
Water can dissolve some food substances. The water also helps to moisten and soften the food. It is mixed together with the mucin to help form the chewed food into a single food bolus. The mucin helps hold the bolus together and acts as a lubricant to make the bolus easier to swallow.
93
What is the most important objective of physical digestion?
To separate the food into smaller pieces which increases the surface area exposed which can be acted upon by enzymes.
94
What is the formula for dissolving starch in the mouth?
Salivary amylase
| Amylose + Water ------------------> Smaller sugar (maltose) + (left over amylose due to limited time)
95
What is that ideal environment for salivary amylase?
The mouth region with no acid or base in it, considered neutral with a pH of about seven.
96
Draw picture of the digestive system.
See diagram
97
What happens in the large intestine?
The large intestine has special structures that are specialized to absorb water. There are some bacteria in the large intestine that convert some of the remaining materials into vitamin K which can also be absorbed by the large intestine. The waste materials remaining in the large intestine, feces, are moved through the track by peristalsis. Fibre in waste material can help to retain water in the waste to make it easier to move through the large intestine.
98
What happens during egestion?
The feces that arrive at the end of the large intestine are stored within the rectum and remain there by the contraction of the anal sphincter. When the rectum is stretched by the feces the brain sends a signal to relax the anal sphincter And cause peristalsis of the rectum in order to ejest the waste, defecation.
99
What is the difference between living donor transplants and deceased donor transplants?
Living donor transplants are taken from living patients, and they keep living. Deceased donor transplants are organs taken from dead patients and could be any organ. They are more common.
100
Why is the list of living donor organs much shorter than the list of deceased donor organs?
Many people are scared with the risk associated with living donor transplant surgeries, while there is no risk for deceased patients.
101
Describe the procedure for a living donor donation.
Drs. remove a lobe of the organ through surgery. It is then carefully matched to the recipient blood and tissue type and transplanted to them so that the body does not reject the organ.
102
What are the two main risks for transplant patients?
Rejection, infection
103
What is xenotransplantation?
Transplanting organs or body parts of one species to another. This is highly controversial
