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Biology- Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic cells undergo how many stages?

A

Three.

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2
Q

List all the stages of cell division.

A

Interface, mitosis, cytokinesis.

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3
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  1. Growth one
  2. Synthesis. Each DNA molecule gets a centrosome made of protein the center. The DNA is unwound then each side gets a new copy of the opposite side to complete it. The DNA is then rewound into a double helix. There are now two identical DNA molecules joined together by a centrosome called, a replicated DNA molecule. The Centrosomes are replicated
  3. Growth 2: making more organelles if necessary
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4
Q

What happens generally in mitosis.

A

The nuclear part of cell division. During this phase the DNA in the nucleus is divided.

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5
Q

What happens generally in cytokinesis?

A

The cellular part of cell division. During this phase the cell divides to form two genetically identical cells.

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6
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The first phase of cell division.

The nuclear membrane is pulled into pieces and disappears.

  • Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles and start to produce spindle fibers, which attach to the centromeres. The chromosomes are then pulled to the centre.
  • Nucleolus breaks apart and disappears.
  • Strands of DNA twist and condense, becoming chromosomes.
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7
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Half a chromosome.

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8
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Two identical DNA molecules which have twisted up and compacted, joined by a centromere.

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9
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Two identical chromatids, part of the same chromosome, joined by a centromere.

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10
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • end of interphase, very short

- Chromosomes are all lined up along the equator

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11
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Spindle fibers contract and pull apart centromeres.

Daughter chromosomes are pulled towards the poles

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12
Q

What is a daughter chromosome?

A

A sister chromatid once it’s been separated from the chromosome, during anaphase.

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13
Q

What is telophase?

A

Daughter chromosomes unwind and become chromatin
Two Nuclei become visible again
Nucleoli become visible again in each nucleus

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14
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm divides including its organelles, producing two genetically identical daughter cells.

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15
Q

What do you call the indent when the membrane in an animal cell is being pinched off in cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage Furrow.

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16
Q

Cell checkpoints are controlled by what?

A

Specialized proteins which monitor cell activities and surroundings and send messages to the nucleus, whether to divide or not.

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17
Q

Cells won’t divide if…

A

Signals from surrounding cells tell it not to.
There are not enough nutrients.
The DNA within the nucleus has not been replicated.
The DNA is damaged. If Caught early enough, it can be repaired. If there is too much damage, the cell is destroyed.

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18
Q

What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

A

Eukaryote cells have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They have more complex internal structures and can be several thousand times larger.

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19
Q

What is the location of cytoplasm?

A
  • between cell membrane and nucleus

- around organelles

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20
Q

What is the structure of cytoplasm

A
  • solution of water, dissolved nutrients, and floating solids
  • fluid/jelly like
  • transparent
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21
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A
  • transport medium for organelles through changing viscosity
  • dissolves and stores chemicals
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22
Q

What is the location of cell membrane or plasma membrane?

A
  • surrounds cytoplasm
  • A: Outside structure
  • P: Underneath cell wall
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23
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A
  • fluid
  • Phospholipid bilayer (two layers of fat molecules)
  • made of proteins, carbohydrates, fats
  • A: cholesterol
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24
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A
  • Selectively permeable
  • Nutrients enter and leave through diffusion
  • Protection: Barrier from outside world
  • Capture food
  • Some: To move
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25
Q

What is the location of the nucleus and DNA?

A
  • A: Usually centered

- P: Off to side

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26
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus and DNA?

A
  • Sphere
  • Contains chromatin (mass of DNA)
  • Contains nucleoplasm (like cytoplasm)
  • Contains nucleolus: RNA and protein
  • Surrounded by inner and outer membrane
  • Covered by nuclear pores
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27
Q

What is the function of the nucleus and DNA?

A
  • Contains genetic material: Everything needed to build all proteins. Proteins are used for structure and enzymes.
  • Nucleolus makes ribosomes
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28
Q

What is the location of the mitochondria?

A
  • free floating within cytoplasm

- more in more active cells

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29
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • outer membrane surrounds folding up inner membrane, forming cristaes.
  • 1mm x 3mm
  • Contains matrix (plasm) containing ribosomes, enzymes (specialized proteins), and special DNA.
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30
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

-Cellular respiration, providing energy for the cell

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31
Q

What is the location of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-extends from outer nuclear membrane, branching off through cytoplasm to cytoplasm

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32
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • network of fluid filled tubes and pockets
  • made of membrane
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum covered in ribosomes, smooth none
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33
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-tubular transport network of materials through the cell

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34
Q

What is the location of the Golgi apparatus?

A

-free floating in cytoplasm

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35
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • stacked membrane sacks

- sometimes attached to E.R.

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36
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • assembles proteins made by different ribosomes

- membrane pinches off to deliver product (in vesicles)

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37
Q

What is the location of small vacuoles in animal cells?

A

-free floating in cytoplasm

38
Q

What is the structure of small vacuoles and animal cells?

A
  • spaces within cytoplasm surrounded by their own membrane

- filled with fluid (mostly water), large pieces of food, waste, etc.

39
Q

What is the function of small vacuoles in animal cells?

A
  • cytoskeleton reaches out to capture food, then wraps the membrane around it. When drawn in the membrane is pinched off to form a vacuole
  • Contains food (to be digested by lysosomes), stores other stuff like fat
  • Stores, then ejects waste by merging with cell membrane
40
Q

What is the location of the cell wall?

A
  • plant cell only

- surrounds outside

41
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A
  • porous
  • structured
  • made of thick cellulose, long molecules weaved together and joined at intersections
42
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • supports cell from crush of gravity

- protects cell from very large particles

43
Q

What is the location of the large central vacuole in plant cells?

A

-usually in the center of a plant cell, taking up 50-90% of the cell

44
Q

What is the structure of the large central vacuole and plant cells?

A

Filled mostly with water.

45
Q

What is the function of the large central vacuole in plant cells?

A
  • stores water and dissolved chemicals
  • supports cell wall from caving in (turgor pressure) The vacuole pushes out on the cytoplasm and organelles which pushes on the cell membrane which pushes out on the cell wall against the force of gravity
46
Q

What is the location of chloroplasts?

A

Only in plant cells.

Free-floating in cytoplasm.

47
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A
  • Double membrane in which the inner membrane folds back and forth to form sacks called thylakoids, containing chlorophyll
  • Contains fluid called stroma, filled with enzymes, water, ribosomes, and DNA
  • 10 mm x 15 mm
48
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A
  • Gives plants their green colour (chlorophyll, a special enzyme)
  • Can reproduce on its own
  • Photosynthesis, providing glucose to be broken down my mitochondria
49
Q

What is the location of cilia?

A
  • some animal cells

- on cell membrane

50
Q

What is the structure of cilia?

A

Tiny hairs.

Extensions of membrane filled with protein.

51
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Work together to move cell or environment around cell

52
Q

What is this location of Centrosomes?

A

Near surface of nuclear membrane

53
Q

What is the structure of the centrosome and centrioles?

A
  • two centrioles at right angles (animal cells) form a centrosome
  • made of short, microtubule cylinders
54
Q

What is the function of the Centro zone?

A

Make spindle fibers in mitosis

55
Q

What is the location of ribosomes?

A
  • attached to membrane of rough E.R.
  • free floating in cytoplasm
  • surrounding nucleolus temporarily, since it makes them
56
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Tiny particles of RNA and several proteins

57
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A
  • RNA travels from nucleus to ribosomes and tells them what protein to make
  • free floating usually manufacture proteins specifically for the cell, those along E.R. sometimes make protiens to be transported outside the cell
  • on rough E.R, incomplete proteins travel through E.R to golgi or travel in a vesicle
58
Q

What is the location of lysosomes?

A
  • free floating within cytoplasm

- traveling from golgi body

59
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

Special vesicle, Hydrochloric enzymes surrounded by membrane

60
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • mainly break down large pieces of food in vacuoles by merging with them so that they can be used by the cell
  • breaks down worn out organelles and foreign particles
61
Q

What is the location of vesicles?

A

Travel through the cell, originating from the ER or golgi bodies, pulled by microtubules

62
Q

What is the structure of vesicles?

A
  • pinched off portion of golgi body or E.R. membrane

- contains proteins

63
Q

What is the function of Vesicles?

A
  • delivers proteins/molecules to and from the golgi body

- empties contents by merging with other membranes

64
Q

What is the location of flagellum?

A
  • on some animal cells

- on cell membrane

65
Q

What is the structure of flagellum?

A

Whip like tail

Extensions of membrane filled with protein

66
Q

What is the function of flagellum?

A

Helps cells to move

67
Q

What is the location of microtubules and microfilaments?

A

Free-floating in cytoplasm

68
Q

What is the structure of microtubules and microfilaments?

A

Tubes or strands of protein

69
Q

What Is the function of microtubules and microfilament?

A
  • move vesicles and other organelles around

- pull and stretch to move cell/cytoskeleton

70
Q

What is the location of the cytoskeleton’s?

A

Running between cell membrane and nuclear membrane

71
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

A

Made of microtubules and microfilaments

72
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • structural support against gravity

- changes shape of cell to capture food or move

73
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Reproduction, growth, repair

74
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction requires one parents, the offspring are genetically identical, and parent cells contain all genetic material necessary.
Sexual reproduction requires two parents, just the offspring are a mix of both parents DNA, and parent cells contain only half the DNA needed.

75
Q

What are gametes?

A

Used in reproduction. Contains only half of the DNA usually found in a cell.

76
Q

Why do cells divide instead of just getting bigger?

A

The volume increases at a rate faster than the surface area. The surface area to volume ratio decreases until the cell can no longer take in enough nutrients to support its volume. It then divides.
Also nutrients pass in and out through diffusion. If the cell is too large diffusion takes too long.

77
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division

78
Q

What are carcinogen?

A

Environmental factors causing cancer

79
Q

What are factors that could influence cancer?

A

Chemicals things such as pesticide, or chemicals in some plastics, and organic solvents can all kill or mutate cells.
Diet. An unhealthy diet with many fats can lead to cancer.
Viruses. Viruses such as HPV and hepatitis B can take over cells.
UBB, UBA. UV rays which damage cells. They come from the sun and tanning beds, causing skin cancer.
Tobacco. The worst of all carcinogens. Containing many toxins, causing cancer and lungs, mouth, throat, nose, liver, stomach, kidney and bladder.
Genetics. The DNA you inherent may predispose you to cancer, but does not ensure it.

80
Q

What are possible treatments of cancer?

A

Radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, bio Photonics

81
Q

Radiation

A

– Cancer cells DNA is damaged by radiation. Once damaged, they can no longer divide.
– Pro: cancer cells are very susceptible
– Con: radiation is dangerous and must be focused on one spot not all the cells maybe kills.

82
Q

Surgery

A

– Physical removal of the tumor.
– Pro: few side effects
– Pro: Tumors are not always easily accessible or well-defined.

83
Q

Chemotherapy

A

– Drugs are used to kill, stop or slow cancer cells
– Pro: drugs travel all over to reach even undetected tumors
– Con: Lots of bad side effects

84
Q

Biophotonics

A

– a beam of light is used to detect and kill cancer cells
– Pro: less side effects, more accurate
– Con: This is a very new technology

85
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A mass of dividing cells with no function

86
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

Noncancerous cells, they physically crowd surrounding cells and usually do not affect their function.

87
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

Cancerous cells. They affect function of surrounding cells or destroy them. A metastatic cell may breakoff, travel through the bloodstream, and start a new tumor in a process known as metastasis.

88
Q

How can you reduce your risk of cancer?

A

– Research: be aware of carcinogens in your environment and avoid them.
– Control your weight. Obesity can lead to cancer, so eat healthy and exercise.
– Eat super foods like carrots, raspberries, nuts, garlic, and tomatoes which can help fight cancer

89
Q

What are some common imaging techniques?

A

Endoscopes are tiny cameras inserted into the patient.
X-rays use radiation
CAT (computerized axial tomography) scans are x-rays taken at many angles and put together
Ultrasounds use ultra high-frequency sound waves to make an image
MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create detailed images
Mammograms are a special x-ray technique to screen for breast cancer.

90
Q

What are the ABCD’s of moles?

A

Asymmetry: symmetrical, benign versus asymmetrical, malignant
Border: smooth, benign versus blurry, jagged, malignant
Color: even, benign versus uneven, malignant
Diameter: less than 6 mm, benign versus more than 6 mm, malignant

Science (8 decks)

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