Exam Review Flashcards
0
Q
what is natural science?
A
it focuses on the study of natural world and our physical surroundings. Branches of research include: geology, biology and chemistry
1
Q
What are the humanities?
A
focuses on the study of products of human culture. It would involve the study of literature, art and music.
2
Q
What are the social sciences?
A
Uses research and analysis to explain human behaviour. Social science is concerned with the way people act individually and in groups. Branches would include: Economics, History, Political Science, Human Geography, Anthropology, Family studies, psychology and sociology
3
Q
What is Anthropology?
A
The development of the human species and human culture throughout the world. Research methods include living with the cultural group for extended periods observing rituals and groups behaviours.
4
Q
What is psychology?
A
Studies individual behaviour to discover the underlying triggers or causes of human behaviour. Methods of research include studying peoples feelings, thoughts, and personality development through interviews to determine past influential experiences; conducting animal experiments, believing these will lead to a greater understanding of the human mind
5
Q
What is Sociology?
A
How people act in group situations; the development and structure of human society and how it works. Methods of research include conducting statistical analysis and observation
6
Q
What are the three anthropological schools of thoughts?
A
- Functionalism
- Structuralism
- Cultural Materialism
7
Q
What is functionalism?
A
~cultures are set up to try and meet the physical and psychological needs of its members
~All laws, customs, and practices within a society (institutions) serve a purpose in providing stability to the culture/society
~In order to understand a culture, it is necessary to investigate and understand the function of its institutions
~Society is in itself a logical institution that functions in the best interest of the majority
9
Q
What are the criticisms of Functionalism?
A
~critics claim that functionalists present culture as being more stable than it is. It may downplay the effect of negative practices in a culture.
10
Q
What are the three psychological schools of thoughts?
A
- Psychoanalytical Theory
- Behaviourism
- Learning Theory
11
Q
What is psychoanalytical theory?
A
*The mind is divided into two separate parts, the conscious (the part we are aware of), and the unconscious (the part we are not aware of)
*The unconscious mind is divided further into three parts
~Id: seeks out physical satisfaction (may be impulsive)
~Superego: prompts us to do the moral thing
~Ego: acts as the referee between the Id and Superego
12
Q
Does the conscious or unconscious mind have more of an influence on our personality?
A
The unconscious mind has more influence in the development of our personality than the conscious mind. Personal development and behaviour are governed by how the three parts of the unconscious mind interact.
13
Q
Who was the founder of the psychoanalytic theory?
A
Sigmund Freud was the founder. He developed the theory that our early childhood experiences (i.e. family relationships) are stored in our unconscious memories and influence the way we function. Treatment would focus on treating the unconscious mind to unlock and/or purge deep-seated frustrations in order to correct conscious behaviour
14
Q
What are the criticisms of the psychoanalytic theory?
A
Freud emphasized that individual sexual frustration or satisfaction was the key element in personal development. Critics argued that the sexual component was only one among many important factors in human personality development.
15
Q
What is behaviourism?
A
~behaviour can be predicted or modified by identifying the factors that motivate or deter certain behaviours
FAMOUS PRACTIONERS:
*John B. Watson: children should be brought up using a scientific, strictly scheduled, rule-based model
*Benjamin Spock: A permissive approach to child rearing, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well-adjusted adults
16
Q
What are the criticisms of behaviourism?
A
Every child is unique, and methods used in children’s upbringing should be tailored to meet individual needs. Spock and Watson were also criticized for not placing enough emphasis on hereditary or human development
17
Q
What is the Learning Theory?
A
*Most human behaviour is learned, especially in childhood and youth
*By controlling the way humans learn behaviour, society can have a great influence on personality development
FAMOUS PRACTITIONERS:
Ivan Pavlov/B.F. Skinner/Albert Bandura:
Learning was a stimulus-response effect. If a subject was correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate response.
Consistent expectations for good behavoiur and swift consequences for improper behaviour would produce the appropriate response
18
Q
What are the criticisms of the Learning Theory?
A
Critics argued that learning was more complicated than stimulus-response. Learning was more of a modeling experience. When humans observe behaviour, either acceptable or unacceptable, they are more likely to practice it
19
Q
What are the five sociological schools of thoughts?
A
- Structural Functionalism
- Neo-Marxism
- Symbolic Interactionism
- Feminist Theory
- Inclusionism
20
Q
What is structural functionalism?
A
- Each society should provide its members means for satisfying its member’s needs (i.e. material, socialization and education of the young, means for regulating reproduction, etc.)
- Society functions best when its members pass and share all values
- Harmony among people is a more natural condition
21
Q
What are the criticisms of structural functionalism?
A
It places too much emphasis on stability and not enough on change and the focuses that divide people in society
22
Q
What is Neo-Marxism?
A
- Originally proposed by Karl Marx, who argued that economic power leads to political power and the key to understanding society
- to understand society we must understand the economic system that creates a rich and poor class of owners and workers
- Poor people are alienated because they do not share in society’s wealth
- Neo-Marxists call for a more equitable distribution of society’s wealth and the dismantling of classes among people
23
Q
What are the criticisms to Neo-Marxism?
A
Neo-Marxism’s view is limited and ignores the redeeming qualities of many people living in capitalist societies.
24
Q
What is symbolic interactionalism?
A
- Symbolic interactionalists emphasize the freedom of people to be able to make choices. People have complex brains and can interpret for themselves the daily stimuli they are exposed to. They interpret and react to stimuli in a manner that provides meaning for them
- How our brains interpret what we observe will translate into what action we will respond with.
25
What are the criticisms to symbolic interactionalism?
Critics suggest that symbolic interactionalism ignores the role of societal institutions in moulding the way individuals interpret their experiences.
26
What is the Feminist Theory?
Women have been disadvantaged in society because they have traditionally been discriminated against. Most decisions made in society have served the interest of men.
27
What are the criticisms to the feminist theory?
Feminist theories over-emphasize the role that gender plays as a key determinant in society.
28
What is Inclusionism?
* Ethnic and cultural conflicts could be reduced by "assimilation". The culture of the majority would gradually absorb ethnic and cultural minorities (Melting Pot theory).
* As the members of visible minorities grow, it was believed that individuals could retain their ethnic identities while participating fully in the life of their country (Mosaic theory).
29
What are the criticisms to inclusionism?
Despite claims of acceptance of ethnic differences, minorities earned less than the majority regardless of what their educational qualifications could demand.
30
What are experiments? (SSRM)
They are the research methods where variables are manipulated to determine cause and effect. May be used to predict or determine certain behaviours in various situations.
31
What are the advantages and disadvantages to experiments? (SSRM)
Advantages: They are an effective method for proving cause and effect. Methods of experiments can be repeated to test accuracy.
Disadvantages: Laboratory conditions may not always simulate real life conditions.
32
What is a sample survey? (SSRM)
It is a small, randomly selected group that can be used to represent larger groups. The method usually relies on simple questionnaires and multiple choice response.
33
What are the advantages and disadvantages to a sample survey? (SSRM)
Advantages: Useful when wanting to sample larger groups.
Disadvantages: Questionnaires are not in depth enough and may not yield detailed results.
34
What is an interview? (SSRM)
A limited number of people are presented with a list of prepared questions.
35
What are the advantages and disadvantages to an interview? (SSRM)
Advantages: They are better suited for obtaining in depth answers to create a clearer picture.
Disadvantages: Usually expensive to administer and limits the number of people that can be interviewed.
36
What is a case study? (SSRM)
It involves repeated observation of an individual or group or situation over a period of time to determine changes or discrepancies.
37
What are the advantages and disadvantages to a case study? (SSRM)
Advantages: They can provide a detailed account of one particular situation.
Disadvantages: Cannot assume results apply to all.
38
What is an observational (Social Science Research Method)?
Involves unstructured observations with no particular goal in mind. Participants usually live among those being observed.
39
What are the advantages or disadvantages to an observational? (SSRM)
Advantages: Good for detailed information.
Disadvantages: Can observe but can't determine cause. Observers bias may affect results.
40
What are correlational techniques? (SSRM)
They measure the association between two events.
41
What are the advantages and disadvantages to correlational techniques? (SSRM)
Advantages: Can determine relations
Disadvantages: Can't determine cause and effect.
42
What is a historical analysis? (SSRM)
It is the use of census and historical documents to gather information about culture.
43
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a historical analysis? (SSRM)
Advantages: Can get a true picture of life.
Disadvantages: They are easy to misinterpret.
44
What is a content analysis? (SSRM)
They use written material, conversations, art, media etc., to gather information about culture/society.
45
What are the advantages and disadvantages of content analysis? (SSRM)
Advantages: Can get a true picture of life.
Disadvantages: Easy to misinterpret.
46
What are the four variations of the Feminist theory?
1. Liberal
2. Marxian
3. Radical
4. Social
47
What is a Liberal Feminist?
Society needs to be more welcoming to women and accessible to women's influence
48
What is a Marxian Feminist?
Undervalued and underpaid women's work had made it possible to lower men's wages and make industrialists more wealthy
49
What is a Radical Feminist?
Men have exploited women because of their natural child-rearing role. As a result, society is Patriarchy in which men dominate
50
What is a Social Feminist?
The issues of oppression that result from capitalism and patriarchy should be separated and not common concerns.
51
What are the consequences of conformity?
* Conformity has a tendency to discourage social change. The desire to conform can act like inertia - people tend to do the same thing year after year and resist the temptation to change.
* It may encourage people to accept practices that they know or suspect are wrong, and make them afraid to speak out
* Alienation can lead people to give up and accept living in poverty. It can also lead to crime, substance abuse, and even suicide.
52
What factors contribute to an increase of women in the work force?
Higher divorce rates, subsidized daycare, women are waiting longer to have children and focusing more on their careers
53
What is the Employment Equity Act?
The purpose of the Employment Equity Act was to tackle systematic discrimination. Systematic discrimination is when the system favours some groups over others in terms of hiring. For example, women, aboriginal people, members of visual minorities, and people with mental or physical disabilities.
54
What is the Low Income Cut-Off Rate (LICO)?
A complex statistical measure by Stats Canada; the amount of income necessary to maintain a decent life. If a family is spending more than 56% of their total income on maintaining necessities, they are living in poverty.
55
What is Psychoanalytic theory in one sentence?
A certain way of picturing the mind and how it works
56
What is Behaviourism in one sentence?
When psychologists predict and control or modify human behaviour by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place
57
What is Learning Theory in one sentence?
A theory that humans are born with little instinct but a lot of learning potential and that most human behaviour is learned, especially in childhood and youth.
58
Who made Classical conditioning popular?
Classical conditioning was made popular by B.F. Skinner
59
What is Classical Conditioning?
Classical Conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of associative learning. Conditioning/learning begins with a reflex or involuntary behaviour caused by an environmental event. An association is made through pairing of stimulus.
60
How was Classical Conditioning made popular?
It was made popular through B.F. Skinner’s studies on the digestive systems of dogs.
61
Define Unconditioned Stimulus:
a stimulus that will naturally (without learning) bring about a reflex response
62
Define Unconditioned Response:
the natural/reflexive response to a particular stimulus
63
Define Conditioned Response:
the response that is caused by the conditioned stimulus as a result of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
64
What happens after conditioning a previously neutral response?
After conditioning the previously neutral stimulus will elicit the response previously only elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
65
Who created the Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow (1943)
66
How did Maslow come up with the hierarchy of needs?
Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people. He believed that individuals pass a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires
67
What is Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs?
Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to full-fill the next one, and so on. He concluded that our behaviour is determined by place we occupy on the Hierarchy, The needs at one level must be accomplished before we can progress to the next level.
68
What are the 5 levels in the Hierarchy of Needs?
1. Physiological Needs
2. Security Needs
3. Belonging Needs
4. Esteem Needs
5. Self-Actualization
69
Explain Physiological Needs:
As humans we require adequate food, water, air, shelter, exercise and sleep in order to maintain our physical well being. Although these needs are obvious, they are not always met. When these needs are satisfied we feel strong, healthy, vital and graceful.
70
Explain Security Needs:
We need protection from danger and freedom from overwhelming fear in order to function normally. Thus we require hospitals, fire departments, police departments, etc. When our security needs are met we feel safe, trusting, and grateful.
71
Explain Belonging Needs:
We humans have need both of giving and receiving support, love and affection from other individuals and groups like our families, friends, etc. Satisfying these belonging needs result in feelings of warmth, acceptance and friendliness.
72
Explain Esteem Needs:
We also need a feeling of integrity, which includes a sense of freedom and achievement. We need to feel good about ourselves, and what we are doing with our lives (i.e. career, jobs, accomplishments, etc.). When these needs are met we feel confident, proud, triumphant. At this point, we are beginning to deal with needs that are particularly human because they assume a conscious sense of self.
73
Explain Self-Actualization:
Meaning in our lives. The growth of self-actualization (Maslow, 1962) refers to the need for personal growth and discovery that is present throughout a person’s life. For some people, self-actualization can be achieved through creating works of art or literature or philanthropy (giving back to the community).
74
Who came up with the term Operant Conditioning?
Operant Conditioning is the term used by B.F. Skinner to describe the effects of the consequences of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of that behaviour.
75
What is Operant Conditioning?
It is the method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for behaviour. Skinner was an advocate of John Watson who claimed that the goal of Behaviourial Psychology. Skinner believed that the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences
76
What is the Skinner Box?
he would put an animal in there and train them to push a lever to feed themselves.
77
Define Reinforcement:
Any event that strengthens or increases the behaviour that follows
78
Define Positive Reinforcement:
Favourable events or outcomes that are presented after a desired behaviour. A particular behaviour is strengthened or encouraged by the consequences of experiencing a positive condition.
79
Define Negative Reinforcement:
Involves the removal of unfavourable events or outcomes after the display of behaviour. Behaviour is strengthened by the consequence of stopping or avoiding a negative condition.
80
Define Punishment:
The presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behaviour it follows
81
Define Positive Punishment:
The presentation of an unfavourable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows
82
Define Negative Punishment:
Punishment occurs when a favourable event or outcome is removed after behaviour occurs.
83
Define Extinction:
Occurs when a particular behaviour is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition
84
What are Alternative Extinction Methods:
Extinction means making sure the response no longer leads to reinforcement (stop rewarding or punishing certain behaviour)
85
What is Differential Reinforcement of other Behaviours?
An organism is reinforced for not exhibiting a particular behaviour during a given specified time interval thus reinforcing an incompatible response (i.e. not fighting at recess)
86
How is the LICO line calculated?
36% of after tax income plus an additional 20%
87
What are the programs founded by the Ontario government to help fight poverty?
- the Canadian Assistance Plan (CAP)
| - the Canadian Health and Social Transfer act (CHST)
88
What is the Canadian Assistance Plan ( ?
Controlled by the federal government, it ensured that basic income-related rights were provided for all Canadians receiving welfare benefits. (from 1995 and earlier)
89
What is the Canadian Health and Social Transfer Act (CHST)?
it provided the province with less money to pay for a number of social services, including welfare programs
90
What did Carl Jung do?
He shared Freud’s theory of the unconscious and unconscious mind but disagreed with Freud’s overemphasis on sexual desires and drives.
Jung modified Freud’s views of the unconscious and developed the idea of Personal and Collective Unconsciousness.
91
What is Personal Unconsciousness?
Holds all the memories and ideas that we have repressed or ignored throughout our lives. Similar to Freud, Jung believed that personal unconsciousness could be accessed through dreams and free association techniques.
92
What is Collective Unconsciousness?
Connects individuals to one another as well as to all humanity from the dawn of time. It holds our mythologies, symbols and grand ideas. Jung suggests an almost spiritual bond between all people.
93
What did Jung believe?
He believed that we get a glimpse of our collective unconsciousness through our dreams and through episodes he referred to as Synchronicity.
94
Two parts of the Ego (Jung)
Persona (mask) and Shadow (shame)
95
What was Jung's war experience?
He woke up one night with a feeling that he had to move his family out of Vienna. After he moved, the Nazi’s came to Germany.
96
Why did Jung disagree with Freud?
Jung saw Freud’s perspective of the human experience as being too one sided. He agreed that the unconscious mind did contain selfish and hostile forces, but he also believed it contained positive and spiritual motives as well.
97
What did Jung propose?
Jung proposed that a fundamental characteristic of the human mind was that, all the important elements come in the form of the opposites. We posses the potential to be both good and evil, masculine and feminine, father and mother. Jung described the ego as having these elements.
98
Two parts of the ego (Jung)
Persona (mask) and Shadow (shame)
99
What is Persona?
The Persona (mask) is what we want people to see
100
What is Shadow?
The Shadow is parts we want to hide because we are ashamed
101
What is Anima?
Feminine qualities in a male
102
What is Animus?
Male qualities in females
103
What are disincentive programs?
They encourage people on welfare to get jobs. An example is cutting the welfare budget by 21%.
104
What are functional repercussions?
The logical and predicable outcome of a given situation.
105
What is the dominant industrial paradigm?
The frame of mind where people believe that their purpose is to work and earn money for future generations, often not taking the environment into consideration.
106
What is the environmental paradigm?
The frame of mind where people believe that the environment should be society's top priority.
107
In regards to technology and social change, what is the traditional theory?
When societal change is initiated by an individual person who shares an idea with their community. If that idea is accepted, society changes to adapt to the new idea.
108
In regards to technology and social change, what is technological determinism?
A view that social change is initiated by technology and not necessarily by the individual.
109
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what is Judging?
prefers routine, orderly flow and organized plans
110
Explain whole and complete person
Jung believed that we should strive to be a whole person by finding balance and harmony in ourselves.
111
What are Personality Characteristics?
Jung believed that there are 8 main personality characteristics organized in pairs of opposites. Everyone has four that are the strongest part of their personality. These four dominate traits come naturally to individuals. The other four traits are also part of our personality but in a much weaker form. In order to achieve a balance in our personality, we have to work on developing the weaker characteristics. By achieving this we will become a balanced, rounded person.
112
What are the 8 personality types according to the Meyers Briggs Personality tests?
1. Extroverts
2. Introverts
3. Sensate
4. Intuitive
5. Feeling
6. Thinking
7. Perceiving
8. Judging
113
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what are extroverts?
outgoing people who get their energy from being around others
114
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what are Introverts?
withdrawn individuals who get energy from being alone
115
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what is Sensate?
Gathers information about the world around them based on their senses. Concrete thinkers, who use their senses of what can be seen, touched, smelled, or heard. They need concrete evidence to believe something
116
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what is Intuitive?
Will use senses to gather information, but will also use thoughts and feelings to make a final analysis (i.e. Gut Feeling)
117
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what is Feeling?
Makes decisions based on feeling. May see the overall picture but relies on feelings to interpret and make sense of the world around them
118
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what is Thinking
Thinks through decisions and decides based on evidence they see around them. Looks at their surroundings in a structured logical/analytical way
119
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what is Perceiving?
Changeable, adaptable, “go with the flow”. Can easily adjust to changing situation. Chaos is not overwhelming
120
According to the Meyers Briggs Personality test, what is Judging?
prefers routine, orderly flow and organized plans
121
What are negative side effects of technology?
Canadians often embrace technology without considering the consequences. The internet can provide people with access to negative or dangerous information, ie. child porn, how to build a pipe bomb
122
What is future shock?
Disorientation brought on by technological advancement, creating the sense that the future has arrived prematurely. They are destined for a "massive adaptational breakdown".
123
What is technosis?
An overblown attachment to or dependency on technology. It could apply to people feeling 'out of touch' without a device.
124
What are the effects of communication technology on society?
The King of Bhutan noticed that after getting cable television, boys were more violent after watching wrestling, and girls became more sexual after watching MTV.
125
What are demographics?
The study of human population.
126
What is a natural population increase?
In demography, a positive population balance where a country's birth rate exceeds its death rate.
127
What are war brides?
A term for the European wives of Canadian soldiers who came to Canada with their husbands after WWII
128
What is counter culture?
A large group of people in society who express values and behaviours that conflict with society's norms.
129
What is Generation X?
People born between 1946 and 1966 during the post-WWII baby boom.
130
What is the Six Pocket Phenomenon?
Used in reference to Generation Y, a demographic group receiving spending money from two working parents and four grandparents.
131
Define Anomi:
Durkheim’s term to describe the condition of the industrial workers who seemed to be without any roots or norms as they struggled daily to survive
132
Define Alienation:
a feeling that one does not share in the major values and goals of society
133
Define Singularity:
a belief that everyone in society should act and think the same way.
134
Define Normative Influence:
a psychology term to describe the pressure to conform to the positive expectations of others
135
Define Inclusiveness:
the belief that all law-abiding people, regardless of their particular background or circumstances, should be able to play a constructive role in the life of the nation
136
Define Participation Rates:
the percentage of the population, or a group within it, 16-64 years of age, available for paid work who are actively employed in the paid economy at any given time
137
Define Subjective Validity:
social psychologists’ term for the virtually universal belief that our attitudes are right and proper
138
Define Anarchist:
people who try to destroy the society in which they live through armed struggle, hoping to build a purer society on the ruins of the old one.
139
Identify and explain the factors that contributed to urban sprawl
- Post war economy allowed Canada to experience prosperity.
- Severe shortage of housing during the pre-war and war period.
- Major demand for homes as a result of population growth resulted in the need for construction of new homes to spread outside of urban areas
140
Identify some of the features/ characteristics of the new “suburban Culture”
- Car Culture: Living in suburbia resulted in the need for cars
- Shopping plazas, fast food restaurants, drive in movies, etc.
- Numerous young families in suburbia encouraged socialization among suburban families
- Sports clubs
- Social visits
- Religious gatherings
141
How did MARRIAGE RATES contribute to the post war population increase between the years 1946-1966?
Marriage Rates:
• Returning soldiers were eager to get on with their lives. Government laws allowed soldiers returning from war to their post war jobs.
• Veterans qualified for low interest mortgages
• Delays in demobilization (return from war) many soldiers cut short their courtship and married
142
How did WAR BRIDES contribute to the post war population increase between the years 1946-1966?
many Canadian soldiers married European women while serving overseas and returned to Canada to raise their families
143
What is technosis?
An overblown attachment to or dependency on technology. It could apply to people feeling 'out of touch' without a device.
144
Aging Boomer Influence on the Economy
Baby Boomers financial security will allow them to enjoy greater buying power in the economy. Spending will reflect a more secure lifestyle.
1) Baby Boomers financial security will allow them to enjoy greater buying power in the economy. Spending will reflect a more secure lifestyle.
2) Boomers are likely to engage in elaborate vacations that are consistent with the new boomer lifestyle.
3) Boomers will have a greater amount of disposable income and may be prone to focus on spending habits that reflect quality merchandise.
