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Grade 12 Challenge and Change > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the methods/research Natural Scientists use?

A

Branches of research include geology, biology, chemistry, etc.

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1
Q

What is Natural Science?

A

Focuses on the study of the natural world and our physical surroundings

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2
Q

What is the focus of Humanities?

A

Focuses on the study of products of human culture

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3
Q

What are the methods/research of Humanities?

A

Would involve the study of literature, art, music, etc

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4
Q

What is the focus of Social Sciences?

A

Branches would include economies, history, political science, human geography, anthropology, family studies, and sociology

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5
Q

What is the main focus of Anthropology?

A

The development of the human species and human cultures throughout the world

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6
Q

What methods do anthropologists use?

A

Living with the cultural group for an extended period of time, observing rituals, and group behaviour

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7
Q

What is the main focus of Psychology?

A

individual behaviour, to discover the underlying triggers or causes of human behaviour

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8
Q

What methods do Psychologists use?

A

Studying peoples feelings, thoughts and personality development through interviews to determine past influential experiences; conducting animal experiments, believing these will lead to a greater understanding of the human mind

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9
Q

What is the main focus of Sociology?

A

How the people act in group situations, the development and structure of human society, and how it works

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10
Q

What are the methods used by sociologists?

A

conducting statistical analysis and observation

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11
Q

What is the sociological school of thought dealing with Structural Functionalism?

A

~each society should provide its members means for satisfying its members needs (i.e. material, socialization and education of the young, means for regulating reproduction, etc.)
~society functions best when its members posses and share all values
~harmony among people is a more natural condition

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12
Q

What is the criticism dealing with Structural Functionalism?

A

Places too much emphasis on stability and not enough on change and the focus that divide people in society

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13
Q

What is the sociological school of thought dealing with Neo-Marxism?

A 
~originally proposed by Karl Marx who argue that economic power leads to political power and the key to understanding society
~to understand society we must understand the economic system that creates a rich and poor class of owners and workers
~poor people are alienated because they do not share in societies wealth
~Neo-Marxist call for a more equitable distribution of society's wealth and the dismantling of classes among people
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14
Q

What are the criticisms regarding Neo-Marxism?

A

the view is limited and ignores redeeming qualities of many people living in capitalist societies

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15
Q

What is the sociological school of thought dealing with Symbolic Interactionism?

A

~Symbolic interactionists emphasize the freedom of people to be able to make choices. People have complex brains and can interpret for themselves the daily stimuli they are exposed to. They interpret and read stimuli in a manner that provides meaning for them
~how our brains interpret what we observe will translate into the action we respond with

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16
Q

What is the criticism of Symbolic Interactionism?

A

Ignores the role of societal institutions in moulding the way individuals interpret their experiences

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17
Q

Explain the sociological school of thought dealing with the Feminist Theory?

A

Women have disadvantage in society because they have traditionally been discriminated in society because they have traditionally been discriminated against. Most decisions made in society have served the interest of men.
There are four types of feminism: Liberal, Marxian, Radical and Social

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18
Q

What are liberal feminists?

A

Society needs to be more welcoming to women and accessible to women’s influence

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19
Q

What are the Marxian Feminists?

A

Undervalued and underpaid women’s work had made it possible to lower men’s wages and more industrialists more wealthy

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20
Q

What are radical feminists?

A

Men have exploited women because of their natural child-rearing role. As a result, society is Patriarchy in which men dominate.

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21
Q

What are social feminists?

A

The issues of oppression that result from capitalism and patriarchy should be separated and not common concerns

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22
Q

What is the criticism of the feminist theory?

A

over emphasize the role that gender plays as a key determinant in society

23
Q

What is the sociological School of Thought dealing with Inclusionism?

A

~Ethnic and cultural conflicts could be reduced by “assimilation”. The culture of the majority would gradually absorb ethnic and cultural minorities (Melting Pot Theory).
~As the members of the visible minorities grew, it was believed that individuals could retain their ethnic identities while participating fully in the life of their country (Mosaic Theory).

24
Q

What are the criticisms of Inclusionism?

A

Despite claims of acceptance of ethnic differences, minorities earned less than the majority regardless of what their educational qualifications could demand.

25
Q

What is the Anthropological school of thought that deals with Functionalism?

A

~Cultures are set up to try and meet the physical and psychological needs of its members.
~All laws, customs, practices within a society, (institutions), serve a purpose in providing stability to the culture/society
~In order to understand a culture, it is necessary to investigate and understand the function of its institutions
~Society is in itself a logical institution that functions in the best interest of the majority

26
Q

What is the criticism of Functionalism?

A

Presents culture as being more stable than it is. It may downplay the effect of negative practices in culture.

27
Q

What is the Anthropological School of Thought dealing with Structuralism?

A

~the human mind functions on the principle of binary opposites: two forces that are opposite to each other (i.e. good/bad)
~Binary opposites are defined in a way that is logical to its members
~The items themselves are not good or bad but become so when placed in the right or wrong element. Culture develops rules about where items are good or bad
~In order to understand cultures, we must seek to understand these rules

28
Q

What is the criticism regarding Structuralism?

A

An over emphasis is placed on logic and stability

29
Q

What is the Anthropological School of Thought regarding Cultural Materialism?

A

~Materialism: technology and economic factors are the most important factors in moulding society
~Determinism: the types of technology adopted, will determine the society that develops

30
Q

Explain the Psychological school of thought regarding Behaviourism?

A

~Behaviour can be predicted or modified by identifying the factors that motivate or deter certain behaviours

31
Q

Who are the famous practitioners involved in behaviourism?

A

John B. Watson:
Children should be brought up using a scientific, strictly scheduled, rule-based model

Benjamin Spock:
A permissive approach to child-rearing rather than a strict one would result in successful well-adjusted adults

32
Q

What are the criticisms regarding Behaviourism?

A

Every child is unique and methods used in children’s upbringing should be tailored to meet individual needs. Spock and Watson were also criticized for not placing enough emphasis on hereditary or human development

33
Q

What is the psychological school of thought regarding the Learning Theory?

A

~Most human behaviour is learned, especially in childhood and youth.
~By controlling the way humans learn behaviour, society can have a great influence on personality development

34
Q

Who were the famous practitioners dealing with the Learning Theory?

A

Ivan Pavlov/B.F. Skinner/Albert Bandura:
Learning was a stimulus-response effect. If a subject was correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate response
Consistent expectations for good behaviour and swift consequences for improper behaviour would produce the appropriate response

35
Q

What are the criticisms of the Learning Theory?

A

Critics argued that learning was more complicated than stimulus-response. Learning was more of a moulding experience. When humans observe behaviour, either acceptable or unacceptable, they are more likely to practice it.

36
Q

What is the psychological school of thought dealing with the Psychoanalytical Theory?

A

~the mind is divided into two separate parts, the conscious and the unconscious
~The unconscious mind is further divided into three parts:
-Id: seeks out physical satisfaction (may be impulsive)
-Superego: Prompts us to do the moral thing
-Ego: acts as the referee between the Id and the Superego

37
Q

Does the unconscious mind or the conscious mind have a bigger impact on the development of our personality?

A

The unconscious mind has more influence in the development of our personality than the conscious mind. Personal development and behaviour are governed by how the three parts of the unconscious mind interact

38
Q

What are the criticisms of the Psychoanalytical Theory?

A

Freud emphasized that individual sexual frustration or satisfaction was the key element in personal development. Critics argued that the sexual component was only one among many important factors in human personality development

39
Q

Who was the founder of the Psychoanalytical Theory?

A

Sigmund Freud was the founder. He developed the theory that our early childhood experiences (i.e. family relationships) are stored in our unconscious memories and influence the way we function. Treatment would focus on treating the unconscious mind, to unlock and/or purge deep-seated frustrations in order to correct conscious behaviour

40
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Research methods were variables are manipulated to determine cause and affect. May be used to predict or determine certain behaviours in various situations

41
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of Experiments?

A

Pros:
~an effective method for proving cause and effect
~Methods of experiments can be repeated to test accuracy
Cons:
~Laboratory considerations may not always simulate real life conditions

42
Q

What is a sample survey?

A

Small randomly selected group can be used to represent larger groups. The method usually relies on simple questionnaires and multiple choice response

43
Q

What are the pros and cons of sample surveys?

A

Pros:
~useful when wanting to sample large groups
Cons:
~Questionnaires are not in depth enough and may not yield detailed results

44
Q

What is an interview?

A

A limited number of people are presented with a list of prepared questions

45
Q

What are the pros and cons of interviews?

A

Pros:
~Better suited for obtaining in depth answers to create a clearer picture
Cons:
~usually expensive to administer and limits the number of people that can be interviewed

46
Q

What is a case study?

A

Involves repeated observation of and individuals or group or situation over a period of time to determine changes or discrepancies

47
Q

What are the pros and cons of case studies?

A

Pros:
~Can provide a detail account of one particular situation
Cons:
~Cannot assume results apply to all

48
Q

Explain: Observational

A

Involves unstructured observations with no particular goal in mind. Participants usually live among those being observed.

49
Q

What are the pros and cons of the Observational social science research method?

A

Pros:
~Good for detailed information
Cons:
~Can observe but can’t determine cause. Observers bias may affect results

50
Q

What are correlational techniques?

A

Measures the association between two events

51
Q

What are the pros and cons of correlational techniques?

A

Pros:
~Can determine relations
Cons:
~Can’t determine cause and effect

52
Q

What is historical analysis?

A

Use of census and historical documents to gather information about culture

53
Q

What are the pros and cons of historical analysis?

A

Pros:
~Can get a true picture of life
Cons:
~Easy to misinterpret

54
Q

What is content analysis?

A

Use written material, conversations, art, media, etc. to gather information about culture/society

55
Q

What are the pros and cons of content analysis?

A

Pros:
~Can get a true picture of life
Cons:
~Easy to misinterpret

Grade 12 Challenge and Change (5 decks)

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