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Grade 12 Biology > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Valence electrons

A

an electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom

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2
Q

Autoionization

A

the process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions

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3
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in
chemical reactions.

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4
Q

Isomer

A

A molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of
atoms.

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5
Q

Coenzymes

A

An organic molecule that acts as a cofactor of an enzyme.

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6
Q

Endomembrane system

A

a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus
and the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Glycoprotein

A

a membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate,
bound to an amino acid

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8
Q

sterol

A

a type of steroid with an OH group at one end and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other

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9
Q

Antiport

A

the transported solute moves in the direction that is opposite to the gradient of the driving ion.

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10
Q

hypotonic

A

the property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution.

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism

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12
Q

Bond energy

A

The minimum amount of energy that is required to break a
particular type of bond, measured in kJ/mol of bonds

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13
Q

Entropy

A

A measurement of disorder in a system

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14
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

A pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex
molecules from simple molecules.

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15
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

a chemical reaction that releases free energy; the products
have less free energy than the reactants

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16
Q

Crista

A

A fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

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17
Q

Decarboxylation reaction

A

A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to
form CO2

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18
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

A reaction in which pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+, and CO2 is removed, forming an acetyl group and releasing NADH

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19
Q

Proton gradient

A

A difference in proton (H1 ion) concentration across a membrane

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20
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

A process in which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA
through catabolism

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21
Q

thylakoids

A

Where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

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22
Q

reaction centre

A

A complex of proteins and pigments that contains the primary electron acceptor

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23
Q

plastocyanin

A

From the cytochrome complex, electrons pass to the mobile
carrier plastocyanin, which shuttles electrons from the cytochrome complex to
photosystem I

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24
Q

rubisco

A

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase; a critical enzyme that acts as a catalyst for the reduction of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

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25
Q

Guard cells

A

Open and close the stomata of the leaf

26
Q

Plasmid

A

A small circular section of DNA found in the cytosol of bacteria; replicates
independently of chromosomal DNA.

27
Q

Replication fork

A

The point of separation of the two parent DNA strands during replication.

28
Q

Topoisomerases

A

A class of enzymes that relieve tensions caused by the unwinding of parent DNA; they cleave one or two of the DNA strands, allow the strands to untwist, and then rejoin the strands.

29
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two DNA strands, as well as between Okazaki fragments.

30
Q

Solenoid

A

A group of six nucleosomes.

31
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that reads a DNA strand and creates a complementary strand of
RNA.

32
Q

Intron

A

A non coding sequence of DNA or RNA

33
Q

Aminoacylation

A

The process by which a tRNA molecule is bound to its corresponding amino acid

34
Q

Inducer

A

A signal molecule that triggers the expression of an operon’s genes

35
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A mutation that results in a premature stop codon

36
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

A DNA strand that is created using DNA pieces from two or more sources.

37
Q

Vector

A

A DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell,
for example, a plasmid

38
Q

DNA sequencing

A

A process in which the sequence of base pairs in a DNA strand in determined

39
Q

Biopharming

A

A process in which genetically engineered host organisms are used to make
pharmaceuticals or other products that are useful to humans

40
Q

Gene therapy

A

The insertion, removal, or replacement of genes (to correct defective genes) within an organism’s cells to treat a disease.

41
Q

homeostatic mechanism

A

A system that monitors internal and external conditions and changes bodily functions to maintain homeostasis.

42
Q

Set point

A

The optimal value for a given variable of a system.

43
Q

Homeotherm

A

An animal that maintains a stable body temperature regardless of the temperature of the external environment.

44
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The pressure of actively regulating the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells.

45
Q

Nephron

A

The tiny functional unit of the kidney that filters wastes from the blood.

46
Q

Protein hormone

A

A hormone composed of chains of amino acids that is water soluble; usually acts on cell membrane receptors.

47
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The region of the brain that releases hormones to control the pituitary gland, which, in turn, controls other endocrine glands.

48
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Endocrine cell clusters inside the pancreas that produce insulin and
glucagon.

49
Q

Progestins

A

Predominantly female sex hormones, including progesterone, that control the menstrual cycle.

50
Q

Gonads

A

Glands responsible for the production of sex hormones, as well as the egg and sperm
cells; called testes in males and ovaries in females.

51
Q

Dendrite

A

A projection of cytosol that carries signals toward the nerve cell body

52
Q

Ion channel

A

A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that allows ions to pass through it.

53
Q

Synapse

A

A functional connection between neurons or between neurons and effectors.

54
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres.

55
Q

Spinal nerves

A

The 31 pairs of nerves within the somatic system that transmit motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

56
Q

Habitat

A

The place where an organism normally lives

57
Q

Demography

A

The study of the growth rate, age structure, and other characteristics of populations.

58
Q

Population dynamics

A

The change in a population over time.

59
Q

Allee effect

A

A density-dependent phenomenon that occurs when a population cannot survive or
fails to reproduce enough to offset mortality once the population density is too low.

60
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The range of conditions and resources that a population can possibly tolerate
and use.

Grade 12 Biology (6 decks)

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