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Grade 12 Biology > Chapter 11 Biology Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Biology Terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell that is capable of conducting nerve impulses.

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2
Q

Neural signaling

A

The reception, transmission, and integration of nerve impulses by neurons, and the response to these impulses.

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3
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

A neuron that carries impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system; also called a sensory neuron.

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4
Q

Interneuron

A

A local circuit neuron of the central nervous system that relays impulses between afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons.

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5
Q

Efferent neuron

A

A neuron that carries impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles; also known as a motor neuron.

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

A projection of cytosol that carries signals toward the nerve cell body.

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7
Q

Axon

A

An extension of cytosol that carries nerve signals away from the nerve cell body.

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8
Q

Glial cell

A

Is a non-conducting cell that is important for the structural support of and metabolism of nerve cells.

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9
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

An insulated covering over the axon of a nerve cells

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10
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

A regularly occurring gap between sections of myelin sheath along the axon.

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11
Q

Central nervous System (CNS)

A

The body’s coordinating center for mechanical and chemical actions; made up of the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

All parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord; relays information between the central nervous system and other parts of the body.

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13
Q

Afferent System

A

The component of the peripheral nervous system that receives input through receptors and transmits the input to the central nervous system.

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14
Q

Efferent System

A

The component of the peripheral nervous system that carries signals away to the effectors (muscle and glands).

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15
Q

Somatic system

A

A subdivision of the efferent system (within the PNS); composed of efferent (motor) neurons that carry signals to the skeletal muscles in response to external stimuli.

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16
Q

Autonomic system

A

A subdivision of the efferent system (within the PNS); regulates the internal environment.

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17
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

One of two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system; increases energy consumption and prepares the body for action.

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

One of two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system; stimulates body activities that acquire and conserve energy.

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19
Q

Neural circuit

A

The coordination of the receptor, afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron, and effector in response to a stimulus.

20
Q

Reflex Arc

A

A neural circuit that travels through the spinal cord but does not require the coordination of the brain; allows for reflex actions.

21
Q

Synapse

A

A functional connection between neurons or between neurons and effectors

22
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

A synapse in which a neurotransmitter moves from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell through the synaptic cleft.

23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical that is released from vesicles into synapse to facilitate nerve signal transmission.

24
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The tiny gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells in a chemical synapse, across which the neurotransmitter diffuses.

25
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Electrical synapse- a synapse in which the presynaptic cell makes direct contact with the postsynaptic cell, allowing current to flow via gap junctions between the cells.

26
Q

Membrane potential

A

The electrical potential of a membrane, which is caused by an imbalance of charges on either side of the membrane.

27
Q

Ion channel

A

A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that allows ions to pass through it.

28
Q

Resting potential

A

The voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane of an unstimulated neuron; usually negative.

29
Q

Action potential

A

The voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane when the nerve is excited.

30
Q

Threshold potential

A

The potential at which an action potential is generated by a neuron.

31
Q

Refractory period

A

The period of time during which the threshold required for the generation of an action potential is much higher than normal.

32
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of connective tissues that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.

33
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Circulating fluid that surrounds the membranes of the brain and spinal cord; provides neural connection to the endocrine system.

34
Q

Grey matter

A

The tissue of the brain and spinal cord where the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons are located.

35
Q

White matter

A

The tissue of the brain and spinal cord, composed primarily of axons of neurons; in the spinal cord, it surrounds the grey matter.

36
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The hindbrain region that connects the spinal cord to the cerebellum; important in autonomic nerve control.

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

The hindbrain region that is involved in muscle movement and balance.

38
Q

Pons

A

The brain region that transfers nerve signals between the cerebellum and the medulla.

39
Q

Cerebrum

A

The brain region that is involved in motor activities and sensory information; the largest and most developed region of the brain.

40
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres.

41
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain region that interprets sensory input and signals the cerebrum.

42
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

A barrier formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells in the capillaries in the brain that blocks the movement of most substances into the brain via the bloodstream.

43
Q

Spinal nerves

A

The 31 pairs of nerves within the somatic system that transmit motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

44
Q

Cranial nerves

A

The 12 pairs of nerves within the parasympathetic division of the autonomic system, which emerge directly from the brain and serve the head, neck, and body trunk.

45
Q

Substantia Gelatinosa (SG)

A

A band of grey matter in the spinal cord that, when stimulated, produces a neurotransmitter that communicates with an injured region of the body; a simultaneous signal to the brain results in the perception of pain.

46
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The tendency for some sensory receptors to become less sensitive when stimulated repeatedly

47
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

A

A negative feedback mechanism that attempts to maintain blood pressure.

Grade 12 Biology (6 decks)

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