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Immunology > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Pasteur’s discovery of attenuated vaccines is based on what principle?

A

Attenuated pathogens are changes to become less virulent

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2
Q

What WBC is capable of further differentiation in tissues?

A

Monocytes

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3
Q

The cells that Metchnickoff first observed are associated with which phenomenon?

A

Innate Immunity

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4
Q

Where are all undifferentiated lymphocytes made?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

How do NK cells differ from T cells?

A

Only NK cells are able to kill target cells without prior exposure to them

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6
Q

Which cell is the most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue?

A

dendritic cell

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7
Q

The ability of an individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions is called

A

innate immunity

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8
Q

A cell characterized by a nucleus with two to five lobes, diameter of 10 to 15 um, and a large number of neutral-staining granules is identified as a

A

neutrophil

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9
Q

Name a primary lymphoid organ

A

Thymus

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10
Q

What type of cells would be found in a primary follicle?

A

Unstimulated B cells

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11
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of B cells?

A

Presence of surface antibodies

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12
Q

Where do lymphocytes mainly come in contact with antigens?

A

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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13
Q

What surface marker is found on T helper cells?

A

CD4

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14
Q

What best characterizes adaptive immunity?

A

Specificity for each individual pathogen

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15
Q

The main function of T cells in the immune response is to

A

produce cytokines that regulate both innate and adaptive immunity

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16
Q

Which of the following is a function of antibodies?

A

neutralization of bacterial toxins

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17
Q

immunity can be defined as

A

the condition of being resistant to disease

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18
Q

A blood cell that has reddish-staining granules and is able to kill large parasites describes

A

eosinophils

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19
Q

Describe a lymph node

A

it collects fluid from the tissues

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20
Q

Antigenic groups identified by different sets of antibodies reacting in a similar manner to certain standard cell lines best describes

A

Clusters of Differentiation (CD)

21
Q

The scientist known for his use of attenuated vaccines and as the father of immunology

A

Louis Pasteur

22
Q

The field of immunology can be credited for its contributions to the development of

A

vaccines

23
Q

A patient with antibodies in their serum to a particular virus has activated with immune cells

A

B Lymphocytes

24
Q

List two means by which attenuation of a pathogen can take place

A

Heat and Chemical

25
Q

Phagocytosis is appropriately categorized into

A

innate immunity

26
Q

What phagocytic cell has a similar morphology to nerve cells

A

dendritic cells

27
Q

Macrophages play a key role in adaptive immunity through what function?

A

Presenting phagocytosed microbes to T lymphocytes

28
Q

A patient with a viral infection that has initiated their cell-mediated immunity might have an increased number of what leukocytes in their peripheral blood?

A

Lymphocytes

29
Q

What cells can phagocytize foreign microbes?

A

Innate cells (Ex. Macrophages)

30
Q

The two primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus and Bone marrow

31
Q

List two of the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen and lymph nodes

32
Q

The enhancement of phagocytosis by coating of foreign particles with serum proteins is called

A

opsonization

33
Q

What plays an important role as an external defense mechanism

A

lysozymes

34
Q

The process of inflammation is characterized by

A

increased blood supply to the area
migration of WBCs
increase of acute-phase reactants
increased capillary permeability

35
Q

Skin, lactic acid secretions, stomach acidity, and the motion of cilia represent what type of immunity?

A

innate immunity

36
Q

The structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell is called a

A

phagolysosome

37
Q

The presence of human microbiota acts as a defense mechanism by what method?

A

Competing with potential pathogens

38
Q

Measurement of CRP levels can be used for

A

Monitoring drug therapy with anti-inflammatory agents
tracking the progress of an organ transplant
determining active phases of rheumatoid arthritis

39
Q

Pattern recognition receptors act by

A

recognizing molecules that are unique to pathogens

40
Q

Characteristics of acute-phase reactants

A

Rapid increase following infection
Enhancement of phagocytosis
Nonspecific indicators of inflammation

41
Q

What is he most potent agent formed in the phagolysosome for the elimination of microorganisms?

A

Hypochlorite ions

42
Q

What acute-phase reactant helps to prevent the formation of peroxides and free radicals that may damage tissues?

A

Haptoglobin

43
Q

Describe TLRs

A

They enhance phagocytosis

44
Q

The action of CRP can be distinguished from that of an antibody because

A

CRP acts before the antibody appears

45
Q

How does innate immunity differ from adaptive immunity?

A

innate immunity depends upon normally present body functions

46
Q

A 40-year old male who is a smoker develops symptoms of premature emphysema. The symptoms may be caused by a deficiency of which of the following acute-phase reactants?

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin

47
Q

Describe NK cells

A

They are able to kill target cells without previous exposure to them

48
Q

Characteristics of an effective immunogen

A

internal complexity
large molecular weight
the presence of numerous epitopes

49
Q

Describe a hapten

A

immunogenic only when coupled to a carrier

Immunology (8 decks)

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