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Immunology > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cytokine

A

Cytokines are chemical messengers that regulate immunity, influencing both the innate and adaptive immune responses to infection

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2
Q

Cytokine Storm

A

hypercytokinemia
massive overproduction and dysregulation of cytokines

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3
Q

autocrine signals

A

transmitted by cytokines that bind to receptors on the same cell from which they were secreted

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4
Q

paracrine signals

A

transmitted by cytokines that act on cells within the tissue region surrounding their cellular source

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5
Q

endocrine

A

Transmitted by cytokines behaving as hormones by diffusing into the bloodstream and influencing cells from from their source cell

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6
Q

pleiotropy

A

a single cytokine can have many different actions

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7
Q

function of interleukin-1

A

Differentiation of Stem cells
IL-1a and IL-1B are proinflammatory
IL-1RA is anti-inflammatory

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8
Q

tumor necrosis factor alpha

A

TNF-a most prominent
production triggered by LPS
proinflammatory
Causes vasodilation and increased
vasopermeability

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9
Q

tumor necrosis factor beta

A

Produced by lymphocytes
causes death of many cell types
plays role in development of lymphoid tissues in GI tract

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10
Q

How does interleukin-6 affect inflammation?

A

stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins by liver hepatocytes and increases the production and release of granulocytes

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11
Q

what is the role of chemokines in the chemotaxis of WBCs?

A

most cell movement arises from the activities of chemokines
recruitment to and movement through areas of infections and inflammation

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12
Q

Type 1 interferon

A

INF-a and INF-b
interfere with viral replication
activate natural killer cells
enhance expression of MHC class I proteins
Used as treatment for certain malignancies and autoimmune disorders

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13
Q

Interleukin-2

A

T-cell Growth Factor
Drives proliferation and differentiation of T-cells and B cells
Enhances lytic activity of NKcells
Causes naive T to differentiate into Th1

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14
Q

Cytokines involved in Th1

A

IL-2 (T-cell growth factor)
INF-y (influences the expression of more than 200 genes)

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15
Q

Cytokines involved in Th2

A

IL-4 (promotes Th2 production and inhibits Th1 cells)
IL-10 (inhibits antigen presentation by dendritic cells)

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16
Q

Cytokines involved in Th17

A

IL-17

17
Q

Cytokines involved in Treg

A

Positive for CD4, CD25, and FoxP3
TGF-B and IL-10 (suppressive cytokines)

18
Q

colony stimulating factors (hematopoietic growth factors)

A

stimulate proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells in BM
IL-3, EPO, G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF

19
Q

current anti-cytokine therapies

A

target chronic inflammation by disrupting interactions between cytokines and their receptors, using monoclonal antibodies that function as cytokine agonists, blocking cytokine activity with hybrid proteins containing cytokine receptor sites bound to Ig, or blocking IL-17 function

20
Q

clinical assays for cytokines

A

ELISpot Assay, Multiplex ELISAs, Microbead Assays

21
Q

The ability of a single cytokine to alter the expression of several genes is called

A

pleiotropy

22
Q

Mediation of the innate immune response is the effect of

A

IL-1

23
Q

Name the precursors that are target cells for IL-3

A

Myeloid
Lymphoid
Erythroid

24
Q

Decreased eosinophil count results from a lack in

A

IL-4

25
Q

What cytokine is know as the T-cell growth factor?

A

IL-2

26
Q

Give an example of an autocrine effect of IL-2

A

Increased IL-2 receptor expression by the Th cell producing it

27
Q

How to IFN-a and IFN-B differ from IFN-y?

A

IFN-a and INF-B inhibit viral replication, but IFN-y stimulates antigen presentation by class II MHC molecules

28
Q

Septic shock symptoms are caused by

A

TNF

29
Q

IL-10 acts as an antagonist to what cytokine?

A

INF-y

30
Q

What is the best assay to measure a specific cytokine?

A

ELISA testing

31
Q

Selective destruction of Th cells by HIV contributes to immune suppression by what means?

A

Decrease in IL-2

32
Q

Why might CSF be given to a cancer patient?

A

increase the production of certain types of leukocytes

33
Q

Decreased ability to fight gram-negative bacterial infections results from a lack in

A

TNF

34
Q

What cytokine acts o promotes differentiation of T cells to the Th1 subclass?

A

IL-12

35
Q

What is the major function or Treg cells?

A

Suppression of the immune response by inducting IL-10

36
Q

Th17 cells affect the innate immune response by inducing the production of

A

TNF-a and IL-6

Immunology (8 decks)

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