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Immunology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immune system

A

Act immediately when a host is attacked by a pathogen (non specific)
External and internal defense

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2
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Destruction of foreign cells by neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils and other cells

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3
Q

External defense system

A

Physical, chemical and biological barriers that prevent . pathogens from entering the body

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4
Q

Skin

A

Physical barrier to pathogen entry
Secretions discourage microbial growth

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5
Q

Epidermis

A

Tightly packed epithelial cells coated in keratin

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6
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue w/ blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and WBCs ( macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells

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7
Q

Skin secretions

A

Lactic acid and fatty acids keep skin ph at 5.6
Proteins w/ antibacterial effects

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8
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Lines respirator, digestive, and genitourinary tracts
Physical barrier
Surfactants block back from adhering to epithelial cells

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9
Q

Respiratory tract

A

Cilia in nasopharyngeal passages clear deposited material
Laughing and sneezing removes pathogens

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10
Q

Digestive tract

A

Hydrochlonic acid keep tummy ph at 1
Lysozyme in saliva attacks cell walls of gram+ bacteria

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11
Q

Genitourinary tract

A

Urine flushes out pathogens
Lactic acid keeps vagina ph at ~5

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12
Q

Microbiota

A

Normal flora
Occupies niches so pathogens cannot

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13
Q

Internal defense system

A

Composed of cells and soluble factors
Second line of defense is they make it past the external defenses

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14
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (prrs)

A

Recognize molecules unique to infectious organisms (pamps)
Ex. TLRs, RLRs, CLRs, NLRs

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15
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A

Bind to microbial substances, activating cytokine and chemokine production
Enhance phagocytosis and triggers adaptive immunity

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16
Q

Cell surface TLRs

A

1,2,4,5,6
Recognize extracellular microbial components

17
Q

Intracellular TLRs

A

3,7,8,9,10
Recognize viral and bacterial nucleic acids

18
Q

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

A

Binds to manna and beta-glucans in fungal cell walls to activate cytokine and chemokine

19
Q

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-l-like receptors (RLRs)

A

Recognizes RNA from RNA viruses and induce production of inflammatory cytokines/type 1 interferons

20
Q

NLRs

A

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors

21
Q

Acute-phase reactants

A

Soluble factors normally found in serum
Facilitate contact between microbes and phagocytes
Bind to and recycle important proteins and minerals during inflammation

22
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Acute phase reactant function: Opsonization, complement activation

23
Q

Serum amyloid A

A

Acute phase reactant function: activates monocytes and macrophages

24
Q

Alpha1-antitrypsin

A

Acute phase reactant function: Protease inhibitor

25
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Acute phase reactant function: clot formation

26
Q

Haptoglobin

A

Acute phase reactant function: binds hemoglobin

27
Q

Ceruloplasmin

A

Acute phase reactant function: binds copper and oxidizes iron

28
Q

Complement c3

A

Acute phase reactant function: opsonization and lysis

29
Q

inflammation

A

Body’s overall reaction to injury or infection
Signs and symptoms: redness (erythema), swelling (edema), heat, and pain

30
Q

Process of phagocytosis

A
  1. Adherence
  2. Engulfment
  3. Formation of Phagosome
  4. Granule contact
  5. Formation of the phagolysosome
  6. Digestion of microorganisms by hydrolytic enzymes
  7. Excretion
31
Q

Major events in acute inflammation

A
  1. Macrophages and mast cells release cytokines
  2. Selections bind to leukocytes
  3. Chemokine-included integrins firmly bind to endothelial cells
  4. Diapedesis
  5. Chemotaxis
32
Q

Oxidative burst

A

HMP Shunt converts NADP to NADPH; O2 is converted to O2-; O2- to H2O2 and OH-

33
Q

O2 independent pathway

A

PH of cell is altered leading to activation of lytic enzymes such as defensins

34
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Recognize altered structures on damaged cells and can eliminate them without prior exposure

35
Q

Innate lymphoid cells

A

Develop from CLP but do not express lymphoid markers
Release immunoregulatory cytokines (interferon gamma)

Immunology (8 decks)

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