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Biology - B1 > Exam Questions > Flashcards

Exam Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do animals have horns?

A

For defence

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2
Q

What is meant by natural selection?

A

Survival of the fittest

Which then go on and breed

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3
Q

Describe two trends in evolution of the human skeleton

A

Increase in height

Shorter arms

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4
Q

Why did people disagree with Darwin?

A

Religious objection

Insufficient evidence

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5
Q

Give one way in which Darwin’s theory differed from Lamarck’s

A

Darwin’s theory depends on differences in genes at birth

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6
Q

Give one way a student could obtain more accurate results

A

Sample a great height

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7
Q

What is the main purpose of pre-clinical testing?

A

Testing for toxicity

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8
Q

In phase 1 of the clinical testing, very low dose of the new drug are uses on a small number of volunteers. What is the main purpose of Phrase 1 testing?

A

Testing for side effects

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9
Q

In phase 1 testing, healthy volunteers are used rather than patients, why?

A

Might conflict with patient’s treatment

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10
Q

What is the main purpose for phrase 2 and 3 testing?

A

To find the optimum dose

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11
Q

What is meant by a placebo?

A

A tablet that does not contain the tested drug

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12
Q

During the testing of a drug, who knows patients are receiving?

A

Neither patients not doctor

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13
Q

What is meant by metabolic rate?

A

Rate of chemical reactions in cells

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14
Q

Cholesterol is carried around the body by the two types of lipoprotein: low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs ). Describe the relationship between the two types of lipoproteins and heart health

A

LDL causes heart disease
HDL helps prevent heart disease
Balance important for good heart health

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15
Q

How do viruses cause illness?

A

Reproduce in cell

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16
Q

Why may a group of people (Indians)get a disease and another not (TV crew)?

A

They may be immune
They crew had previous exposure to flu
Indians caught disease form the TV crew

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17
Q

Name the gland which:

FSH

A

Pituitary

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18
Q

Name the gland which:

Oestrogen

A

Ovary

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19
Q

What proportion of a 28 day menstrual cycle is the fertile period?

A

25%

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20
Q

A woman does not usually become pregnant after intercourse on day 9. However, she may become pregnant after intercourse on day 17 of the cycle. Suggest an explanation for this

A

Day 17 infertile period

Day 9 sperm dies before reaching the egg

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21
Q

Which structure in the Nucleus contains 99.5% of a cell’s genitc information?

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

Evaluate how the production of rabbit-human embryo may help research into human diseases

A

Pros:
Overcomes shortage if human eggs
Reduces test in adult humans

Cons
Ethical issues of experimenting with rabbits
Religious objections to killing embryos

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23
Q

What does a thick coat do?

A

Reduces heat loss

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24
Q

Who is a seal adapted to swim?

A

Streamlined
Flippers
Powerful tail

Swim in cold conditions:
Fat-insulates
Large mass to area ratio - heat loss reduced

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25
Q

Name the piece of apparatus used in sampling a 1m2 piece of land

A

Quadrat

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26
Q

Describe how a quadrate is used

A

Use a transect
Sample every meter
Count plants in quadrate

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27
Q

What is meant by pandemic?

A

Worldwide

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28
Q

Explain why a new mutation of the influenza virus might cause another influenza pandemic

A

New strain of flu
Vaccination not effective
People not immune
People travel between countries spreading infection

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29
Q

Suggest two reasons for the difference in the number of deaths from heart disease in men and women between the ages of 40-60

A

Men smoke more

Genetic factors

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30
Q

Give three main stages in testing a new drug before it is sold

A

Laboratory tests
Tests for side effects on volunteers
Testing for optimum dose

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31
Q

Explain what is meant by a clone

A

Genetically identical

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32
Q

Describe how the process of adult cell cloning could be used to clone a frozen mouse

A

Remove the nucleus of the egg
Insert genetic material from frozen mouse
Electric shock

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33
Q

Most people would be opposed to cloning a human from a dee-frozen, londpg-dead relative, why?

A

Not know if it is safe

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34
Q

Explain why flamencos have long legs terms of:

Darwin’s theory

A

Mutation
Ones with longer legs could feed in deeper water
Survive and reproduced

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35
Q

Explain why flamencos have long legs terms of:

Lamarck’s theory

A

Flamingos stretch their lungs to be able to feed in deeper water
Longer legs inherited by offspring

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36
Q

Name two hormones that stimulates the ovaries

A

FSH and LH

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37
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Fusion of gametes and sperm

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38
Q

A sores has characteristics of a zebra and a horse, why?

A

Mixture of genes from both parents

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39
Q

Describe how Aleut cell cloning could be used to clone a horse

A 
Skin cell from zorse
Unfertilised egg cell from horse 
Remove nucleus from the egg cell
Take nucleus from skin cell
Then give electric shock
Causing the cell to divide
Then place embryo in womb
40
Q

Other than measles which two diseases does the MMR vaccine protect against?

A

Mumps

Rubella

41
Q

Describe what happens in the body after immunisation to stop a person catching measles in the future

A

White blood cell
Produces antibodies
If reinfected antibodies production will be faster

42
Q

The biomass in the five ladybirds than the biomass in the bean plant, why?

A

Not all digested
Not all eaten
Loss of carbon dioxide
Loss in urine

43
Q

The carbon in dead bean plants is returned to the atmosphere via the carbon cycle. Describe this part of the carbon cycle

A

Microorganisms breakdown bean plant

Respiration of microorganism release carbon dioxide

44
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemicals that control body functions

45
Q

Name an organ that fro duces a hormone

A

Glands

46
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

In the blood

47
Q

Describe how the function of hormones FSH, oestrogen and LH are involved in the control of the me steal cycle

A

FSH stimulates oestrogen production
Oestrogen inhibits FSH
LH stimulates egg release

48
Q

What scientific term describes a change in a gene?

A

Mutation

49
Q

What is the true tested on in lavatories before clinic trials?

A

Cells
Tissues
animals

50
Q

Drugs must be trialled before the drug can be used on patients, why?

A 
To test for:
Toxicity
Interaction with other drugs 
efficientcy
Dosage
51
Q

The receptor in a leg muscle in a leg is sensitive to a stimulus, suggest which one

A

Stretch

52
Q

Describe what happens at the synapse during the reflex of a leg

A

Chemical released
Diffuses across synapse
Transmits impulse between neurons

53
Q

What type of food chain provides the largest biomass and energy and why?

A

The shortest chain

Because less loss in waste and respiration

54
Q

Describe how are animals adapted to survive in dry conditions

A

Decrease in surface area - reduces area from which waste may be loss
Fat in hump to convert water via respiration
Long lashes to keep dust put of their eyes

55
Q

Describe how are plants adapted to survive in dry conditions

A

Reduce surface area - reduces waste loss
Wide spread roots to absorb more water
Fleshy / thick stem to store water

56
Q

The dead plants in a nest decay. The decay process helps to keep the eggs warm, how?

A

Microorganism respire

Respiration releases energy

57
Q

Megapode birds open and close the air vent of their nest at different time of the day, why?

A

Allows oxygen in
Oxygen needed for respiration
Allows release of carbon dioxide

58
Q

Suggests one advantage of the population as a whole of children having the second MMR vaccination

A

Less change of spread of disease

59
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

Dead or inactive pathogens

60
Q

Explain how vaccines prevent infection

A

White blood cells produce antibodies
Antibodies produced rapidly
These antibodies kill pathogens

61
Q

Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles

A

Antibiotics don’t kill viruses because measles virus live inside cells

62
Q

Why do antibiotics become less useful at treating an infection of the
Antibiotic is overused?

A

Pathogens develop resistance to antibiotics

63
Q

Describe how information passes from the relay neurone to the motor neuron

A

Release of chemical from relay neuron
Chemical crosses synapse
Chemical attaches to motor causing an impulse

64
Q

What was the drug thalidomide originally developed to treat?

A

As a sleeping pill

65
Q

Soon after it was developed, thalidomide was found to be useful in treating another condition, what was this?

A

Morning sickness

66
Q

Describe the harmful effect of thalidomide

A

Limb defects

67
Q

Suggest why the harmful effect of thalidomide had not been detected during clinical trials

A

Drugs not tested on pregnant people

68
Q

What happen in the body to make someone dependant on drugs?

A

Changes the chemical process

69
Q

Suggest one piece of information about legal drugs that would need to be considered before the classification if these drugs change

A

The harm it does

70
Q

In the 1800s, many scientists could not decide whether Lamarck’s theory or Darwin’s theory was right, why?

A

Insufficient evidence

Mechanism of hip hesitance not known

71
Q

Before the 1800s, many people had a difficult idea to explain where all the living things on Earth came from, what was this idea?

A

God made all living things

72
Q

Describe how scientist can transfer the gene form Bacillus thuringiensis to maize plant

A

Gene cut out from bacterial DNA
gene sliced into maize DNA
Gene added at an early stage of development

73
Q

Pros and cons of GM maize

A 
Pros:
Less effort from farmers
Pesticides always there
Less insects to eat crops
So greater crop production

Cons:
Kills other insects
So some crops don’t get polluted
Possible harm when eaten by humans or animals

74
Q

Painkillers do not cure infectious diseases, why?

A

They don’t kill pathogens

75
Q

In the carbon cycle what is the process from:
Microorganisms to the atmosphere
Fossils to the atmosphere

A

Respiration

Combustion

76
Q

Describe the part played by algae in the carbon cycle

A

Photosynthesis
release carbon dioxide
Eaten by animals
Fed on microorganisms

77
Q

I tropical rain forests respiration from microorganism is much faster than in most habitats, why?

A

Moist
Warm
A lot of microorganism
A lot of material to decay

78
Q

Describe how plants and animals have adapted to reduce the risk of beinging eaten by predators

A 
Camouflage
Warning colours 
Thorns
Long ears
Poisons
79
Q

In a plant:
Where is the detection of light stimulus
Where in the shoot doe a the response of light take place

A

Detection in tip

Response behind tip

80
Q

Which part of the vaccine stimulates the body’s defence system?

A

Inactive pathogens

81
Q

After an injection why does the person not get the disease after coming in contact with it?

A

White blood cells produced
Antibodies produced quickly
These antibodies destroy the pathogen

82
Q

Why may a new strain spread rapidly?

A

Antibiotics ineffective to resistant pathogens which survived. These pathogens would reproduce. The population of resistant pathogens increase

83
Q

Describe how scientists produce the genetically modified zebra fish

A

Jellyfish genes cut out
Gene transferred to zebra fish at early stages of development
Enzymes used to help this process

84
Q

Some scientist are worried about the production genetically modified zebra fish, why

A

Effect the food chain

Effects on the zebra fish themselves, e.g. May out compete non-GM zebra fish

85
Q

Explain the advantages of a tree having:

Shallow root spread out over a large area

A

Increased water uptake after rain

86
Q

Explain the advantages of a tree having:

Large, bulb-like roots deep in the soil

A

Water storage

87
Q

Explain why some desert plants have leaves which are covered with a layer if wax and fold together during the day

A

Reduced water lose
Wax protects plants
Folding reduces surface area

88
Q

Name to hormones in IVF

A

FSH

LH

89
Q

Describe the process of IVF

A 
Eggs collected from ovary 
Eggs mixed with sperm
Fertilised egg divides
Embryo formed 
Embryos inserted into womb
FSH matures egg and LH releases egg
90
Q

Why are hand-gels placed at the entrance of a hospital?

A

Kills bacteria and reduces transfer of illnesses

91
Q

Explain as full as you can how MRSA strains become difficult to treat

A

Mutation causes resistance to antibiotics

92
Q

Name two diseases linked to obesity (not including cancer)

A

Arthritis
Diabetes
High blood pressure

93
Q

Why does an increase in exercise help a person lose weight?

A

Increase metabolic rate exercise needs energy so fat is used

94
Q

What happens to people’s body when they become dependent on a drug?

A

Drugs alter chemical process in the body

They person suffers from withdrawal sump toms with out the drug

95
Q

Why is the effect of alcohol much more than the effect of heroine?

A

Many more people use alcohol

Less harmful effect multiplied

96
Q

Pros and cons of adult cloning to conserve endangered species

A

Pros:
Useful in species difficult to breed
Prevents extinction

Cons:
Development problems
Cloning reduce
S gene pool

Biology - B1 (17 decks)

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