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Biology - B1 > Evolution And Adaptation > Flashcards

Evolution And Adaptation Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe how mutation changes in genes

A

The mutation changes the structure of a gene which results in a change in the species which can be passed onto the offspring

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1
Q

Why must plants have pores

A

To allow CO2 in for photosynthesis and oxygen in for respirIton

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2
Q

What was Lamarck theory for giraffes

A

Because a giraffes stretches it’s neck to reach food high up.
The giraffes neck gets longer because it’s stretched a lot.
And the giraffes offspring inherits it’s long neck

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3
Q

What is a mutation

A

This is a change to the DNA sequence usually when the cell copies it self if these changes occur in the sex cell a new characteristic may pass onto the offspring

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4
Q

By having pores plants lose water. Which three ways minemize their water loss

A

1) reduce the surface area with curled leaves
2) thick waxy cuticle
3) broad leaves and hairs

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5
Q

What is the largest group and the smallest group in calcification

A

Largest-kingdom

Smallest-species

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6
Q

Which organisms of two which are competing is more likely to service and reproduce

A

The greater one

The best adapted to its environment

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7
Q

Give some info on carnivores

A

They only eat meat

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8
Q

What is natural selection

A

The process whereby the organism which is better adapted to its environment tends to survive and produce more offspring

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9
Q

What is evolution

A

This theory states that all living species today evolved from the first simple life forms billions of years ago

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10
Q

How do animals in hot conditions keep from overheating

A

By moving into the shade
Burrowing under ground
Rolling in mud
By doing this they minimise the amount of water they need

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11
Q

What will happen if the environmental conditions change to the organisms living there

Eg. The weather, new predators, new desease

A

It will automatically affect the distribution of the organisms which live rely on them

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12
Q

Who does thick waxy leaves help a plant reduce its water loss

A

It can prevent water from evaporation from the surface of the leaf

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13
Q

How can broad leaves and hairs help plants reduce water loss

A

It can collect dew and funnel it towards the roots

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14
Q

How does reducing the surface area with curled leaves help plants reduce water loss

A

This curling also traps a layer of moist air within the leaf to reduce further evaporation
Spikes also deter animals from eating them

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15
Q

Give some examples of when the presence or absence of an organism shows changes in the environment

A
  • linchens grow mainly in clear air, so a reduction in different species can indicate pollution
  • invertebrates live mostly in clean water, so the more species you find in a river/lake the better the water quality
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16
Q

What are the two types of roots which plants have to help them get more water in hot conditions

A

1) roots that go deep, to collect water a long way down

2) spread out, shallow roots to collect water over a wide area after rainfall

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17
Q

What is the name of the process in which plants make their food

A

Photosynthesis

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18
Q

What is competition

A

When organisms of the same or different species struggle against each other to obtain the necessary resources to survive

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19
Q

What are herbivore’s teeth adapted to do

A

Grind

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20
Q

Why do animals in hot conditions sweat

A

To aid heat loss

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of animals sweating

A

Water may be hard to replace in hot claimates

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22
Q

How do animals who don’t drink keep hydrated

A

They gain their water through there food

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23
Q

Which two ways do plants get their seeds around

A

They have flowers to attracts insects

Or structures to catch the wind

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24
Q

What is the name of when plants sprees there seeds around

A

Pollination

25
Q

What is the key phrases for evolutionary tree

A

The closer 2 species are on the tree, the more recently they shared a common ancestor

26
Q

What other things do animals have to help survive in cold conditions

A

They reduce the surface are of and thinly skinned extremities
Eg ears

27
Q

Why do animals that live in cold conditions larger than others

A

Because it decreases their surface area:volume ration (which refuse sheet lose)

28
Q

Name two things which animals in hot countries have

A

1) they have little body fat under the skin and thin fur aid

2) large thin ears to help the loss heat

29
Q

What are carnivores

A

Animals that eat other animals

30
Q

When are herbivores

A

Animals that only eat plants

31
Q

What are omnivores

A

Animals that eat plants and animals

32
Q

How does having a think layer of fat and/or fur help animals survive in cold conditions

A

Provide them with an energy supply when food is scarce in water

33
Q

Why are animals in hot conditions small

A

They are often small (large surface area:volume ratio) to increase heat loss

34
Q

How do some plants survive long and dry periods

A

By storing water

35
Q

What three ways do plants store water

A

1) fleshy leaves (thick leaves)
2) fat stems (when it rains they store water I the stem, the stem can expand for the water to be stored there)
3) in the roots

36
Q

What is the definition of adaptation

A

The adjustment or change in behavior, physiology and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment

37
Q

What are carnivore’s teeth adapted to do

A

To tear flesh or crush bones

38
Q

What featured do preys have to help them hide from their predators

A

Camouflage
Some change their colours to match the seasons
They have eyes on use side of their heads to have an all round view to spot any predators

39
Q

What materials do plants need in order to survive and reproduce

A 
Light
Carbon dioxide
Water 
Oxygen
Nutrients to produce glucose energy in order to servive
40
Q

What materials do animals need in order to survive and reproduce

A

Food from other organisms

Water oxygen

41
Q

What was Lamarck’s theory

A

He thought that any changes that occur in an organism’s life can be passed onto it’s offspring
This meant that any feature used would develop and anything not used would disappear

42
Q

What is a name given to Lamarck’s theory

A

Use it or loss it

43
Q

What evidence is there to support Darwin’s theory

A

Fossil records

DNA

44
Q

How can fossil record be used as evidence for Darwin’s theory

A

They show species changing over time generally becoming more complex

45
Q

How can DNA be used as evidence to support Darwin’s theory

A

It shows similarities and differences through genetics of the species

46
Q

What evidence is there that evolution has taken place

A

We can look at fossils and see how species have changed over time

47
Q

What us the name for Darwin’s theory about evolution

A

Evolution by natural selection

48
Q

What was Darwin’s theory on giraffes

A

A giraffe with a longer neck can reach rood higher up.
A giraffe is more likely to get enough food to reproduce and survive
A giraffe’s offspring inherits it’s long neck

49
Q

How can DNA evidence be used to work out evolution relationships

A

DNA has enables these evolutionary relationships between species to be determined

50
Q

Explain how mutation can affect the evolution of an organism

A

If the mutation is good then it will be passed onto its offspring. If it’s bad that organism will die of

51
Q

Why is the knowledge of genetics necessary to understand how inheritance works?

A

Because it explains how inheritance works

If your genes say you have brown eyes then there is a higher chance your offspring will inherit your eye colour (brown)

52
Q

What is an indicator species

A

These are organisms that only live in certain conditions, to their presence or absence can show how the environment has altered

53
Q

How can some other changes be highlighted

A

By studying indicator species

54
Q

Explain why there was conflict with religious beliefs about evolution

A

It challenged the belief that God created all living things in sex days. Because evolution happens through billions of years

55
Q

How do plants make sure they sprees their seeds as far as possible

A

1) fruits, nuts and berries tempt animals to eat them
- after the fruit is digested, the seed is deposited in faeces which act like furtelisers
2) some are designed to stick to or hook onto animal fur o that they are carried a long distance
3) some adapt their seeds to catch the wind to blow them
4) others float there seeds in the water

56
Q

How can changes be measured

A

Humanity sensors
PH meters
Light meters
Oxygen sensors

57
Q

Describe what evidence was lacking in Darwin’s theory

A

He found it difficult to explain how brand new species arose from pre-existing ones, there was also no knowledge of genes and DNA at the time

58
Q

Describe what evidence was lacking from Lamarck’s theory

A

The characteristics gained during a life cannot be passed onto your offspring

59
Q

What is natural selection

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce offspring

60
Q

Explain why Darwin’s theory was only gradually accepted

A

Because there wad no knowledge of genes or DNA st the time

Natural selection takes a long time and at the time they thought e earth wax not old enough for this to work

Biology - B1 (17 decks)

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