Evolution And Adaptation Flashcards
Describe how mutation changes in genes
The mutation changes the structure of a gene which results in a change in the species which can be passed onto the offspring
Why must plants have pores
To allow CO2 in for photosynthesis and oxygen in for respirIton
What was Lamarck theory for giraffes
Because a giraffes stretches it’s neck to reach food high up.
The giraffes neck gets longer because it’s stretched a lot.
And the giraffes offspring inherits it’s long neck
What is a mutation
This is a change to the DNA sequence usually when the cell copies it self if these changes occur in the sex cell a new characteristic may pass onto the offspring
By having pores plants lose water. Which three ways minemize their water loss
1) reduce the surface area with curled leaves
2) thick waxy cuticle
3) broad leaves and hairs
What is the largest group and the smallest group in calcification
Largest-kingdom
Smallest-species
Which organisms of two which are competing is more likely to service and reproduce
The greater one
The best adapted to its environment
Give some info on carnivores
They only eat meat
What is natural selection
The process whereby the organism which is better adapted to its environment tends to survive and produce more offspring
What is evolution
This theory states that all living species today evolved from the first simple life forms billions of years ago
How do animals in hot conditions keep from overheating
By moving into the shade
Burrowing under ground
Rolling in mud
By doing this they minimise the amount of water they need
What will happen if the environmental conditions change to the organisms living there
Eg. The weather, new predators, new desease
It will automatically affect the distribution of the organisms which live rely on them
Who does thick waxy leaves help a plant reduce its water loss
It can prevent water from evaporation from the surface of the leaf
How can broad leaves and hairs help plants reduce water loss
It can collect dew and funnel it towards the roots
How does reducing the surface area with curled leaves help plants reduce water loss
This curling also traps a layer of moist air within the leaf to reduce further evaporation
Spikes also deter animals from eating them
Give some examples of when the presence or absence of an organism shows changes in the environment
- linchens grow mainly in clear air, so a reduction in different species can indicate pollution
- invertebrates live mostly in clean water, so the more species you find in a river/lake the better the water quality
What are the two types of roots which plants have to help them get more water in hot conditions
1) roots that go deep, to collect water a long way down
2) spread out, shallow roots to collect water over a wide area after rainfall
What is the name of the process in which plants make their food
Photosynthesis
What is competition
When organisms of the same or different species struggle against each other to obtain the necessary resources to survive
What are herbivore’s teeth adapted to do
Grind
Why do animals in hot conditions sweat
To aid heat loss
What are the disadvantages of animals sweating
Water may be hard to replace in hot claimates
How do animals who don’t drink keep hydrated
They gain their water through there food
Which two ways do plants get their seeds around
They have flowers to attracts insects
Or structures to catch the wind
What is the name of when plants sprees there seeds around
Pollination
What is the key phrases for evolutionary tree
The closer 2 species are on the tree, the more recently they shared a common ancestor
What other things do animals have to help survive in cold conditions
They reduce the surface are of and thinly skinned extremities
Eg ears
Why do animals that live in cold conditions larger than others
Because it decreases their surface area:volume ration (which refuse sheet lose)
Name two things which animals in hot countries have
1) they have little body fat under the skin and thin fur aid
2) large thin ears to help the loss heat
What are carnivores
Animals that eat other animals
When are herbivores
Animals that only eat plants
What are omnivores
Animals that eat plants and animals
How does having a think layer of fat and/or fur help animals survive in cold conditions
Provide them with an energy supply when food is scarce in water
Why are animals in hot conditions small
They are often small (large surface area:volume ratio) to increase heat loss
How do some plants survive long and dry periods
By storing water
What three ways do plants store water
1) fleshy leaves (thick leaves)
2) fat stems (when it rains they store water I the stem, the stem can expand for the water to be stored there)
3) in the roots
What is the definition of adaptation
The adjustment or change in behavior, physiology and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment
What are carnivore’s teeth adapted to do
To tear flesh or crush bones
What featured do preys have to help them hide from their predators
Camouflage
Some change their colours to match the seasons
They have eyes on use side of their heads to have an all round view to spot any predators
What materials do plants need in order to survive and reproduce
Light Carbon dioxide Water Oxygen Nutrients to produce glucose energy in order to servive
What materials do animals need in order to survive and reproduce
Food from other organisms
Water oxygen
What was Lamarck’s theory
He thought that any changes that occur in an organism’s life can be passed onto it’s offspring
This meant that any feature used would develop and anything not used would disappear
What is a name given to Lamarck’s theory
Use it or loss it
What evidence is there to support Darwin’s theory
Fossil records
DNA
How can fossil record be used as evidence for Darwin’s theory
They show species changing over time generally becoming more complex
How can DNA be used as evidence to support Darwin’s theory
It shows similarities and differences through genetics of the species
What evidence is there that evolution has taken place
We can look at fossils and see how species have changed over time
What us the name for Darwin’s theory about evolution
Evolution by natural selection
What was Darwin’s theory on giraffes
A giraffe with a longer neck can reach rood higher up.
A giraffe is more likely to get enough food to reproduce and survive
A giraffe’s offspring inherits it’s long neck
How can DNA evidence be used to work out evolution relationships
DNA has enables these evolutionary relationships between species to be determined
Explain how mutation can affect the evolution of an organism
If the mutation is good then it will be passed onto its offspring. If it’s bad that organism will die of
Why is the knowledge of genetics necessary to understand how inheritance works?
Because it explains how inheritance works
If your genes say you have brown eyes then there is a higher chance your offspring will inherit your eye colour (brown)
What is an indicator species
These are organisms that only live in certain conditions, to their presence or absence can show how the environment has altered
How can some other changes be highlighted
By studying indicator species
Explain why there was conflict with religious beliefs about evolution
It challenged the belief that God created all living things in sex days. Because evolution happens through billions of years
How do plants make sure they sprees their seeds as far as possible
1) fruits, nuts and berries tempt animals to eat them
- after the fruit is digested, the seed is deposited in faeces which act like furtelisers
2) some are designed to stick to or hook onto animal fur o that they are carried a long distance
3) some adapt their seeds to catch the wind to blow them
4) others float there seeds in the water
How can changes be measured
Humanity sensors
PH meters
Light meters
Oxygen sensors
Describe what evidence was lacking in Darwin’s theory
He found it difficult to explain how brand new species arose from pre-existing ones, there was also no knowledge of genes and DNA at the time
Describe what evidence was lacking from Lamarck’s theory
The characteristics gained during a life cannot be passed onto your offspring
What is natural selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce offspring
Explain why Darwin’s theory was only gradually accepted
Because there wad no knowledge of genes or DNA st the time
Natural selection takes a long time and at the time they thought e earth wax not old enough for this to work
