Exam Qs

Question 1

Explain how the study might have been improved using a random sample in y12z(4)

Answer 1

1. Reduces research bias
2. Range of students not js psych students
   3.more representative
   4.method

Question 2

Write a consent form.
-TY
-task
-ethics C,W
-sign date

Question 3

Explain how stratified sampling would improve the study.(2)

Answer 3

-the sample groups represent accurately the proportions of students ij the target population in school
-increasing generabilisity

Question 4

memory :why is it episodic, 10th birthday

Answer 4

-memorable event
-remembering the time and place too
Time stamped

Question 5

Lorenz sample one hatched was mixed up.

Question 6

Outline and advantage of a covert observation.

Answer 6

-Completely unaware their behaviour is being watched, less likely to be distracted and more like to be natural behaviour
-Increasing IV
-valid measurements of behaviour

Question 7

Emotional and behavioural characteristics of phobia of wasps.(2)

Answer 7

-panic- runnin away screaming at the prescence of wasp
-fear presence of wasp causes extreme terror, that u might die
-pers irrational beliefs- the wasp will kill u

Question 8

Explain why it was important to match students on high level of interest in business.(2)

Answer 8

-could affect satisfaction scores
-control this variable
-those interested will perform better than those who are not and would get
Advantage

Question 9

Random allocation benefits

Answer 9

-reduces research bias as researcher has no control over the hours of coursework students get
-researcher will not be biased
-increasing IV

Question 10

Stratified vs opportunity

Answer 10

1- sub groups in sample reflect target population increasing generalisation
2-in contrast to just asking people available at the moment of time of asking

Question 11

What conclusion may the researcher draw.(2)

Answer 11

1. Spendin more time on online hours decrease satisfaction rates
   2.correlation does not mean causation

Question 12

What is matched pair designs?(2)

Answer 12

-2 ppts matched on one variable
-random allocated to each condition

Question 13

Advantage of matched pairs.(1)

Answer 13

-reduced individual diffs
-diff in results is due to conditions not diff people

Question 14

Another variable you could match for OCD.

Answer 14

-type
-severity
-other therapies as drugs

Question 15

Why is qualitative better than quant?

Answer 15

-allows clients to express /expand their feelings and thoughts for their therapy ratings, so make valid conclusions
-increase depth and detail
-not js a rating about their feelings

Question 16

One way to control effects of extraneous variable. Adv of standardised script

Answer 16

1.same researcher
2.same room
3.same instructions
4.reduces investigator effects

Question 17

Adv/disadv of participant.

Answer 17

1.greater depth about ppts behaviour/thoughts and feelings
2.part of the group
3. Not miss any important aspects, as thoughts and feelings (aggressiveness)
4.iNCREASING IV

1.researcher bias
2.part of group(context)
3.reducing objectivity as the researcher own though/b could affect results and outcome
4.IV

Question 18

Event sampling vs time sampling

Answer 18

-create behavioural categories
-set a time period , tallied every time
-INFREQUENT behaviour so they dont miss
-any behaviour

Question 19

Improving validity of questionnaires.
More examples to reduce IE

Answer 19

-standardised scrips, same instructions same room. No researcher bias
-anonymous of ppts in questionnair
-double bind- get a researcher who doesn know aim/proc to reduced IEFFECTS
-control

Question 20

Improving validity / rels of observations.

Answer 20

-operationalised behav categories
-covert observations
-training observer on how to use behavioural categories

Question 21

Why would you randomise?

Answer 21

To reduce bias.
Order of list random
Order of conditions is random

Question 22

Why use mean and not median mode?

Answer 22

-most accurate and sensitive measure
-considers all data in table
-more representative/ accurate measurements made
UNLIKE
R,M,MODE
-not representative, js consider the spread between largest and lowest value
M-mode not affected by extreme values, easy to calculate
Range is affected- easy value

Question 23

Case study and advantage.

Answer 23

1.in depth study on one person
2.over long p of time and uses interviews questionnaires, to produce qualitative data
3. From individuals but also their families/friends of individuals
4.quantative data such as brain scans

Adv:
-Rich depht detail on unusual behaviour(brain damage) SZ
-thatd be difficult to manipulate in an exp setting. Brain damage on memory
-increasing underst of complex behaviours

Question 24

Advantage and disadvantage of primary data.

Answer 24

1.Primary data is collected first hand from and observations or exp. Specific to the aim of study.
2.target and organise the exp to the aim of the study (to investigate)
3.INCREASING IV

1.time consuming
2.first hand
3.collect data and analyse findings
-

Question 25

Secondary data.(2)

Answer 25

1.been collected by a third party
2.not specific to aim of study
3.govs stats

:more accessible
Requires leas time saves money
Already available for researcher to use

Question 26

Investigator effects. Define and give controls.

Answer 26

1.same standardised proced- the same instructions/questions in interview
2.tone
3.gender

LINK TO INTERNAL VALIDITY
Researcher behaviour influences outcome of research

Question 27

P value is smaller than 0.05 in number of nightmares.

Answer 27

1.diff in nightmare is significant at 0.05
2.less than 5% the diff in nightmares is due to chance alone

Question 28

improve validity in the study of watching horror movies before bed. One modification.
-volunteer sample
-questionnaire, TEXT

Answer 28

-use a stratified sample, increase generalisation of resutls about nightmares. Most representative
-anonymity of texts, more honest
-make conditions less obvious, watch a scary episode and non scary episode
-include more q, aim is less obvious

Question 29

High concurrent validity in a questionnaire.(2)

Answer 29

1. The results from a previous test which is alr reliable using stats test is SIMILAR to results from new questionnaire
2. Exceeds +0.8 correlation

Question 30

the researchers knew which condition the ppts took part in when completing the questionnaire . Why is this a problem? LINK WITH IV

Answer 30

1. Investigator effects / researcher bias increase
   2.consciously or unconsciously may affect answers of ppts
   3.kinder tone
   4.higher rating on questionnaire

Question 31

How would you modify the study to reduce investigator effects who knows in which condition ppts are? ONE REASON

Answer 31

1.double blind procedure- neither researcher neither ppts know the aim and conditions. Less likely to influence ppts answers. Less higher rating. INCREASING IV

Question 32

She used random sampling to form two groups each of
20 students.
She tested one group on one set of maths problems at 3 am in the morning. The
other group were tested on another set of maths problems at 3 pm in the
afternoon. Problems with research.(4)

Answer 32

-Problem – random sampling; the 3 pm group might simply have been better at maths than
the 3 am group. The solution would be a matched pairs
-use the same set of maths problems if a matched pairs, same difficulty
-independent -use repeated , use diff but equivalent tests

Question 33

Briefly outline one problem of using a single trained observer. Check for reliability.

Answer 33

Researcher bias – using one observer means less objectivity/ validity.
solve= increase the number of observers of the driving task because then the data is less subjective. repeat AND check for consistency.

Question 34

One extraneous variable with tasks in ppt.

Answer 34

-the experience
-personality trait

Question 35

Identify one extraneous variable that could have affected the results of this
study. Suggest why it would have been important to control this extraneous
variable and how it could have been controlled in this study.(MUSIC)

Answer 35

1.type of music/environment
2. affect DV, increase running time instead of music or without music on its own
3.decrease IV
3.1- same type of music, not distractive

Question 36

The psychologist wanted to randomly allocate the 20 people in her stratified sample to the
two conditions. She needed an equal number of males in each condition and an equal
number of females in each condition. Explain how she would have done this

Answer 36

give each man a number 1–12 (1 mark)
* put 12 numbers in a hat (1 mark)
* assign first six numbers drawn to Condition A with the remainder for Condition B (1 mark)
* repeat process for women – eight numbers in the hat and draw four for Condition A and
remaining four go to Condition B (1 mark).

Question 37

Whenever there is research bias link with

Answer 37

OBJECTIVITY