Exam Qs Flashcards by Malaika Asif

Explain how the study might have been improved using a random sample in y12z(4)

Reduces research bias
Range of students not js psych students
3.more representative
4.method

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Write a consent form.
-TY
-task
-ethics C,W
-sign date

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Explain how stratified sampling would improve the study.(2)

-the sample groups represent accurately the proportions of students ij the target population in school
-increasing generabilisity

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memory :why is it episodic, 10th birthday

-memorable event
-remembering the time and place too
Time stamped

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Lorenz sample one hatched was mixed up.

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Outline and advantage of a covert observation.

-Completely unaware their behaviour is being watched, less likely to be distracted and more like to be natural behaviour
-Increasing IV
-valid measurements of behaviour

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Emotional and behavioural characteristics of phobia of wasps.(2)

-panic- runnin away screaming at the prescence of wasp
-fear presence of wasp causes extreme terror, that u might die
-pers irrational beliefs- the wasp will kill u

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Explain why it was important to match students on high level of interest in business.(2)

-could affect satisfaction scores
-control this variable
-those interested will perform better than those who are not and would get
Advantage

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Random allocation benefits

-reduces research bias as researcher has no control over the hours of coursework students get
-researcher will not be biased
-increasing IV

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Stratified vs opportunity

1- sub groups in sample reflect target population increasing generalisation
2-in contrast to just asking people available at the moment of time of asking

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What conclusion may the researcher draw.(2)

Spendin more time on online hours decrease satisfaction rates
2.correlation does not mean causation

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What is matched pair designs?(2)

-2 ppts matched on one variable
-random allocated to each condition

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Advantage of matched pairs.(1)

-reduced individual diffs
-diff in results is due to conditions not diff people

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Another variable you could match for OCD.

-type
-severity
-other therapies as drugs

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Why is qualitative better than quant?

-allows clients to express /expand their feelings and thoughts for their therapy ratings, so make valid conclusions
-increase depth and detail
-not js a rating about their feelings

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One way to control effects of extraneous variable. Adv of standardised script

1.same researcher
2.same room
3.same instructions
4.reduces investigator effects

Adv/disadv of participant.

1.greater depth about ppts behaviour/thoughts and feelings
2.part of the group
3. Not miss any important aspects, as thoughts and feelings (aggressiveness)
4.iNCREASING IV

1.researcher bias
2.part of group(context)
3.reducing objectivity as the researcher own though/b could affect results and outcome
4.IV

Event sampling vs time sampling

-create behavioural categories
-set a time period , tallied every time
-INFREQUENT behaviour so they dont miss
-any behaviour

Improving validity of questionnaires.
More examples to reduce IE

-standardised scrips, same instructions same room. No researcher bias
-anonymous of ppts in questionnair
-double bind- get a researcher who doesn know aim/proc to reduced IEFFECTS
-control

Improving validity / rels of observations.

-operationalised behav categories
-covert observations
-training observer on how to use behavioural categories

Why would you randomise?

To reduce bias.
Order of list random
Order of conditions is random

Why use mean and not median mode?

-most accurate and sensitive measure
-considers all data in table
-more representative/ accurate measurements made
UNLIKE
R,M,MODE
-not representative, js consider the spread between largest and lowest value
M-mode not affected by extreme values, easy to calculate
Range is affected- easy value

Case study and advantage.

1.in depth study on one person
2.over long p of time and uses interviews questionnaires, to produce qualitative data
3. From individuals but also their families/friends of individuals
4.quantative data such as brain scans

Adv:
-Rich depht detail on unusual behaviour(brain damage) SZ
-thatd be difficult to manipulate in an exp setting. Brain damage on memory
-increasing underst of complex behaviours

Advantage and disadvantage of primary data.

1.Primary data is collected first hand from and observations or exp. Specific to the aim of study.
2.target and organise the exp to the aim of the study (to investigate)
3.INCREASING IV

1.time consuming
2.first hand
3.collect data and analyse findings
-

Secondary data.(2)

1.been collected by a third party 2.not specific to aim of study 3.govs stats :more accessible Requires leas time saves money Already available for researcher to use

Investigator effects. Define and give controls.

1.same standardised proced- the same instructions/questions in interview 2.tone 3.gender LINK TO INTERNAL VALIDITY Researcher behaviour influences outcome of research

P value is smaller than 0.05 in number of nightmares.

1.diff in nightmare is significant at 0.05 2.less than 5% the diff in nightmares is due to chance alone

improve validity in the study of watching horror movies before bed. One modification. -volunteer sample -questionnaire, TEXT

-use a stratified sample, increase generalisation of resutls about nightmares. Most representative -anonymity of texts, more honest -make conditions less obvious, watch a scary episode and non scary episode -include more q, aim is less obvious

High concurrent validity in a questionnaire.(2)

1. The results from a previous test which is alr reliable using stats test is SIMILAR to results from new questionnaire 2. Exceeds +0.8 correlation

the researchers knew which condition the ppts took part in when completing the questionnaire . Why is this a problem? LINK WITH IV

1. Investigator effects / researcher bias increase 2.consciously or unconsciously may affect answers of ppts 3.kinder tone 4.higher rating on questionnaire

How would you modify the study to reduce investigator effects who knows in which condition ppts are? ONE REASON

1.double blind procedure- neither researcher neither ppts know the aim and conditions. Less likely to influence ppts answers. Less higher rating. INCREASING IV

She used random sampling to form two groups each of 20 students. She tested one group on one set of maths problems at 3 am in the morning. The other group were tested on another set of maths problems at 3 pm in the afternoon. Problems with research.(4)

-Problem – random sampling; the 3 pm group might simply have been better at maths than the 3 am group. The solution would be a matched pairs -use the same set of maths problems if a matched pairs, same difficulty -independent -use repeated , use diff but equivalent tests

Briefly outline one problem of using a single trained observer. Check for reliability.

Researcher bias – using one observer means less objectivity/ validity. solve= increase the number of observers of the driving task because then the data is less subjective. repeat AND check for consistency.

One extraneous variable with tasks in ppt.

-the experience -personality trait

Identify one extraneous variable that could have affected the results of this study. Suggest why it would have been important to control this extraneous variable and how it could have been controlled in this study.(MUSIC)

1.type of music/environment 2. affect DV, increase running time instead of music or without music on its own 3.decrease IV 3.1- same type of music, not distractive

The psychologist wanted to randomly allocate the 20 people in her stratified sample to the two conditions. She needed an equal number of males in each condition and an equal number of females in each condition. Explain how she would have done this

give each man a number 1–12 (1 mark) * put 12 numbers in a hat (1 mark) * assign first six numbers drawn to Condition A with the remainder for Condition B (1 mark) * repeat process for women – eight numbers in the hat and draw four for Condition A and remaining four go to Condition B (1 mark).

Whenever there is research bias link with

OBJECTIVITY