Exam Q-Cards (5-13) Flashcards
Define probiotic
Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora
Define prebiotic
Prebiotics are compounds in food that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The most common example is in the GIT, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the gut microbiome.
Define Microbiome
the genomic content of the microbiota
Define gut dysbiosis
the monnensal to pathogen transition
Hwne stress conditions rapidly decrease microbial diversity and promote the expansion of pathogens
Define SIBO
excessive bacteria in the small intestine
Gut microbiota of vaginally delivered infants has been observed to be enriched with what bacteria?
Lactobacillus sp
What are 3 SCFA’s
Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate
What bacteria mainly resides in human colon?
Bifiodobacteria
What criteria classifies a compound as a prebiotic?
resistant to stomach pH
cannot be hydrolysed by mammalian enzymes
should not be absorbed in GIT
fermented by intestinal microbiota
Name 4 functons of microbiota in human body
- Stimulates intestianl epithelial cell regeneration
- noruishes mucosa by SCFAs
- stimulates local + systemic immune responses
- assists in synthesis + metabolism of certian nutrients
What health effects can gut dybiosis cause?
inflammatory conditions (IBS), metabolic conditions (diabetes), liver dysfunction, mental health
What are 3 health benefits of fibre?
lowered CVD risk
better digestion/poop
lowered cancer risk
Name the largest population of mononuclear cells/macrophages in the liver
Kuppfer cells
What is the main group of enzymes involved in phase 1 detox?
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
What are three nutrientsd that support phase 1 detox?
copper, magnesium, zinc
List three substances that lower phase 1 detox?
curcumin, clove oil, capsaicin
name three amino acids that constitute glutathione
glutamine, cyteine, glycine
What cofactors/nutrients are required for glutathion regeneration/antioxidative cycle?
Nutrients: selenium, vitamin C
Enzymes: glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase
What important enzyme in the conversion of essential fatty acids to anti-inflammatory mediators may alcohol inhibit?
Deltra-6 desaturase
Which nutrient can reverse alcohol induced fatty liver?
carnitine
Which two nutrients carry the hydrogen atoms for use in the electron transport chain
vitamin B2 + B3
Name 3 nutrients which are needed for the electron transport chain
iron, copper, coenzyme Q10
What are the end products of the electron transport chain
Water + ATPs
What is a free radical
an atom or molecule that has 1 or more unpaired electrons
Name 3 substances in our environment and two body processes that cause generation of ROS
exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking
Respiratory system in phagocytes, cytochrome P450 system
What two food based nutrients act as antioxidants
Vitamin A, C, E
Carotenoids
Which food based antioxidant checks/controls reduces hydrogen peroxide?
vitamin C
What nutrients do lipoic acid regenerate
vitamin C, glutathione
Which type of fats do vitamin E decrease the peroxidation of?
Poly-unsaturated fats
Which is the micromineral that glutathione peroxidase dependent on?
selenium
Which is the inflammatory intermediary metabolic by product int eh regeneration of methionine from SAMe?
Homocysteine
What 3 nutrients lower homeocysteine levels?
B12, folate, B6
Purine are prgressively oxidased to form which substance to be excreted in urine?
uric acid
Pyrimidine syntheisis begins with which amino acid
glutamine
What ways can telomere shortening be prevented
exercise, meditations, increases vegetables
List four diseases which are associated with elevated plasma homocyteine levels in humans
Demenia
Depression
Kidney Disease
CVD
What 4 nutrients modulate HPA axis
vitamin C, omega 3, magnesium, probiotics
What lifestyle modifications assit in regulation of HPA axis and modulate stress responses
Yoga, mindfulness
What two foods inhibit cyclo-oxygenase enzymes?
ginger, vitamin E
Which amino acid forms the neurotransmitter serotonin
trytophan
Which amino acid is required for formation of dopamine
tyrosine
Which amino acid is required for GABA formation
glutamate
List 3 nutrients required for optimal release and function of glutamate
glutamine, B6, niacin
Name two foods that accumulate GABA
mushrooms, oats, soybeans
Name two health diseases from too low GABA
ADHD, insomnia, depression
Name the amino acid from which catecholamines are derived from
L-Tyrosine
Where in the mitochondria are the cytochrome c enzymes located?
imtermembrane space
List four symptoms of mitochrondial dysfunction
poor growth
muscle weakness
vision impairment
learning disabilities
Name four diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction
Alzheimers
Parkinsons
Diabetes
Cancer
Which mineral is the most common in extracellular fluids of the human body?
Sodium
The most intracellular cation is
Potassium
Sodium increases urianry excretion of which mineral
Calcium
Name foods with high acid low and two with low acid load
high - meat, diary, eggs
low - fruits, veges, red wine
