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Nutritional Biochemistry > Exam Q-Cards (5-13) > Flashcards

Exam Q-Cards (5-13) Flashcards

1
Q

Define probiotic

A

Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora

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2
Q

Define prebiotic

A

Prebiotics are compounds in food that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The most common example is in the GIT, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the gut microbiome.

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3
Q

Define Microbiome

A

the genomic content of the microbiota

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4
Q

Define gut dysbiosis

A

the monnensal to pathogen transition

Hwne stress conditions rapidly decrease microbial diversity and promote the expansion of pathogens

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5
Q

Define SIBO

A

excessive bacteria in the small intestine

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6
Q

Gut microbiota of vaginally delivered infants has been observed to be enriched with what bacteria?

A

Lactobacillus sp

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7
Q

What are 3 SCFA’s

A

Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate

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8
Q

What bacteria mainly resides in human colon?

A

Bifiodobacteria

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9
Q

What criteria classifies a compound as a prebiotic?

A

resistant to stomach pH
cannot be hydrolysed by mammalian enzymes
should not be absorbed in GIT
fermented by intestinal microbiota

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10
Q

Name 4 functons of microbiota in human body

A
  1. Stimulates intestianl epithelial cell regeneration
  2. noruishes mucosa by SCFAs
  3. stimulates local + systemic immune responses
  4. assists in synthesis + metabolism of certian nutrients
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11
Q

What health effects can gut dybiosis cause?

A

inflammatory conditions (IBS), metabolic conditions (diabetes), liver dysfunction, mental health

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12
Q

What are 3 health benefits of fibre?

A

lowered CVD risk
better digestion/poop
lowered cancer risk

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13
Q

Name the largest population of mononuclear cells/macrophages in the liver

A

Kuppfer cells

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14
Q

What is the main group of enzymes involved in phase 1 detox?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

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15
Q

What are three nutrientsd that support phase 1 detox?

A

copper, magnesium, zinc

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16
Q

List three substances that lower phase 1 detox?

A

curcumin, clove oil, capsaicin

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17
Q

name three amino acids that constitute glutathione

A

glutamine, cyteine, glycine

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18
Q

What cofactors/nutrients are required for glutathion regeneration/antioxidative cycle?

A

Nutrients: selenium, vitamin C
Enzymes: glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase

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19
Q

What important enzyme in the conversion of essential fatty acids to anti-inflammatory mediators may alcohol inhibit?

A

Deltra-6 desaturase

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20
Q

Which nutrient can reverse alcohol induced fatty liver?

A

carnitine

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21
Q

Which two nutrients carry the hydrogen atoms for use in the electron transport chain

A

vitamin B2 + B3

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22
Q

Name 3 nutrients which are needed for the electron transport chain

A

iron, copper, coenzyme Q10

23
Q

What are the end products of the electron transport chain

A

Water + ATPs

24
Q

What is a free radical

A

an atom or molecule that has 1 or more unpaired electrons

25
Q

Name 3 substances in our environment and two body processes that cause generation of ROS

A

exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking

Respiratory system in phagocytes, cytochrome P450 system

26
Q

What two food based nutrients act as antioxidants

A

Vitamin A, C, E

Carotenoids

27
Q

Which food based antioxidant checks/controls reduces hydrogen peroxide?

A

vitamin C

28
Q

What nutrients do lipoic acid regenerate

A

vitamin C, glutathione

29
Q

Which type of fats do vitamin E decrease the peroxidation of?

A

Poly-unsaturated fats

30
Q

Which is the micromineral that glutathione peroxidase dependent on?

A

selenium

31
Q

Which is the inflammatory intermediary metabolic by product int eh regeneration of methionine from SAMe?

A

Homocysteine

32
Q

What 3 nutrients lower homeocysteine levels?

A

B12, folate, B6

33
Q

Purine are prgressively oxidased to form which substance to be excreted in urine?

A

uric acid

34
Q

Pyrimidine syntheisis begins with which amino acid

A

glutamine

35
Q

What ways can telomere shortening be prevented

A

exercise, meditations, increases vegetables

36
Q

List four diseases which are associated with elevated plasma homocyteine levels in humans

A

Demenia
Depression
Kidney Disease
CVD

37
Q

What 4 nutrients modulate HPA axis

A

vitamin C, omega 3, magnesium, probiotics

38
Q

What lifestyle modifications assit in regulation of HPA axis and modulate stress responses

A

Yoga, mindfulness

39
Q

What two foods inhibit cyclo-oxygenase enzymes?

A

ginger, vitamin E

40
Q

Which amino acid forms the neurotransmitter serotonin

A

trytophan

41
Q

Which amino acid is required for formation of dopamine

A

tyrosine

42
Q

Which amino acid is required for GABA formation

A

glutamate

43
Q

List 3 nutrients required for optimal release and function of glutamate

A

glutamine, B6, niacin

44
Q

Name two foods that accumulate GABA

A

mushrooms, oats, soybeans

45
Q

Name two health diseases from too low GABA

A

ADHD, insomnia, depression

46
Q

Name the amino acid from which catecholamines are derived from

A

L-Tyrosine

47
Q

Where in the mitochondria are the cytochrome c enzymes located?

A

imtermembrane space

48
Q

List four symptoms of mitochrondial dysfunction

A

poor growth
muscle weakness
vision impairment
learning disabilities

49
Q

Name four diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction

A

Alzheimers
Parkinsons
Diabetes
Cancer

50
Q

Which mineral is the most common in extracellular fluids of the human body?

A

Sodium

51
Q

The most intracellular cation is

A

Potassium

52
Q

Sodium increases urianry excretion of which mineral

A

Calcium

53
Q

Name foods with high acid low and two with low acid load

A

high - meat, diary, eggs

low - fruits, veges, red wine

Nutritional Biochemistry (6 decks)

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