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Nutritional Biochemistry > Exam Q-cards (1-4) > Flashcards

Exam Q-cards (1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

Which monosaccharide has a slower rate of uptake from the digestive tract?

A

Fructose

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2
Q

The digestion of disaccharides occurs mainly in which location?

A

Upper small intestine

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3
Q

. The digestive enzymes which achieve this are collectively known as ………

A

Disacharidases

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4
Q

What is the name of the key enzyme involved in the breakdown of polysaccharides?

A

Alpha amylase

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5
Q

By which transport mechanism are monosaccharide’s taken over the basolateral border
and into portal circulation?

A

Facillitated diffusion

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6
Q

Glucose is up taken into cells via ………

A

Glucose transporters

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7
Q

What is the name of the glucose transporter which is regulated by insulin?

A

GLUT 4

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8
Q

Which three nutrients are required for the insulin receptor to function optimally?

A

Chromium, glutamine, B3

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9
Q

How do short chained fatty acids travel through circulation?

A

Attached to albumin

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10
Q

How do short chained fatty acids travel through circulation?

A

Peptides

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11
Q

What two mechanisms are utilised to transport free amino acids across the basolateral
border? What reason may designate the use of one transport over the other?

A

High - diffusion

Low - sodium dependant pathways

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12
Q

What group of enzymes hydrolyse a protein?

A

Proteases

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13
Q

What syndrome allows small oligopeptides to enter circulation via paracellular or
intercellular routes, which can cause inflammatory reactions?

A

Leaky gut

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14
Q

Name two carrier systems which transport amino acids into the liver?

A

Diffusion

Sodium dependant transport

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15
Q

What substance is necessary to reform ascorbate from dehydroascorbate and is essential
for vitamin C metabolism?

A

Glutathione

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16
Q

Is the absorption of vitamin C influenced by intake concentration? Explain?

A

Yes, after the body ingests more than 1000mg it cant absorb more than 50%

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17
Q

Which cells in the human body have the highest concentration of vitamin C?

A

Adrenal + pituitary glands

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18
Q

Vitamin C is necessary to activate an enzyme responsible for energy production and
collagen synthesis. Name this enzyme

A

Hydroxylase

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19
Q

Name two co-enzyme/active forms of thiamine?

A

Thiamin di-phosphate

Thiamin tri-phosphate

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20
Q

Name three foods which contain anti-thiamine factors?

A

Raw fish
Tea
Coffee
Blueberries

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21
Q

What are the group of enzymes which break the phosphate bonds with thiamine prior to
absorption?

A

Phosphatases

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22
Q

What inhibits thiamin transporters ThTr1 + ThTr2

A

Alcohol

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23
Q

By what mechanism does the uptake of B1 occur into cells?

A

Active transport by ThTr1 + ThTr2

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24
Q

What are the two co-enzyme forms of riboflavin?

A

Flavin mononucleotide

Flavine adenine dinucleotide

25
Q

Name three antagonists of vitamin B2?

A

Alcohol, sunlight, thryoid disease

26
Q

Which protein carrier transports majority of B2 through circulation?

A

Albumin

27
Q

Vitamin B3 may also be synthesized in the liver from which amino acid?

A

Trytophan

28
Q

By which two mechanisms does B3 get absorbed from the intestine at the brush border?

A

High - Passive diffusion

Low - sodium dependent active transport

29
Q

What is the coenzyme form of pantothenate?

A

Coenzyme A

30
Q

How is B5 mainly transported in circulation?

A

RBC

stored in liver and muscles

31
Q

Name the three phosphorylated coenzyme forms of pyridoxine?

A

Pyridoxine phosphate
pyridoxal phosphate
pyridoxamine phosphate

32
Q

What is the active form of B6 known as?

A

Pyridoxal-5-phosphate

33
Q

How is B6 absorbed across both the brush and basolateral border?

A

Passive diffusion

34
Q

Which enzyme and chemical are required to release B12 from peptide bonds in foods?

A

Pepsin

Hydrochloric acid

35
Q

What is the name of the glycoprotein synthesized by the gastric parietal cells, although
functions in the small intestine to aid B12 absorption?

A

Intrinsic factor

36
Q

. Name the mineral that is required for B12 absorption?

A

Calcium

37
Q

What is the major storage form of B12 in the liver?

A

adenosylcobalamin

38
Q

.In the circulation, vitamin B12 primarily travels bound to a protein named…….

A

Transcobalamin 2

39
Q

Name 3 factors which may inhibit the absorption of folate?

A

alcohol
zinc deficiency
lentils, oranges

40
Q

How does most of the folate travel through circulation?

A

folate binding proteins

41
Q

Colonic bacteria can produce biotin intrinsically: True or False

A

true

42
Q

. How does the absorption of vitamin A take place over the brush border?

A

active transport via micelle

43
Q

Inside the enterocyte, which B vitamin is needed to form retinol from beta carotene?

A

Niacin

44
Q

Name two substances which may enhance vitamin A absorption?

A

vitamin E, fat, fibre

45
Q

Describe the process by which vitamin D can be synthesized by sunlight and
subsequently transported to tissues?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol converts pre-vitamin D to blood with chylomicrons then its activated by NADPH to 25OHD and stored in tissues

46
Q

Calcium is transported across brush border by………..transporter channels and assisted
in its travel across (inside) the intestinal cells by………carrier protein.

A

TRPV6 and calbindin

47
Q

What are the two mechanisms of phosphorus absorption and why would one method be
utilised over another?

A

high - passive diffusion

low - sodium dependant active transport

48
Q

How is chromium mainly transported through circulation?

A

bound to transferrin

49
Q

What is the name of the receptors which facilitate the transport of copper into cells from
circulation?

A

ceruloplasmin receptors

50
Q

Name the compound found in the cruciferous vegetables that are known to act as iodine
inhibitor?

A

goitrogen

51
Q

.By which mechanism is iodine taken up into the thyroid?

A

active transport

52
Q

Name two transport proteins which transport the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 through
circulation?

A

thyroxine binding globulins

albumin

53
Q

Iron travels in the blood bound to what?

A

transferrin

54
Q

. Iron’s storage form is called…..

A

ferritin

55
Q

Name two ways manganese is transported through circulation.

A

albumin

alpha-2 macroglobulin

56
Q

Iron competes for absorption with manganese. Why may this be the case?

A

share the same DMT transporter

57
Q

. What form of selenium is thought to be better absorbed?

A

selenomethionein

58
Q

Name three other minerals are known to use the same transporter as zinc.

A

iron, manganese, copper

59
Q

Vanadium mimics the action of which hormone?

A

Insulin

Nutritional Biochemistry (6 decks)

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