Exam preparation Flashcards
What are the 7 types of evidence for evolution?
Anatomical, Fossil Record, Direct observations of natural selection, comparative behaviour, biogeography, convergent structures
What are the four types of anatomical evidence?
Embryology (we look similar to other organisms at early stages), homological structures (Similar type of bone structure found in various organisms), vestigial structures(Useful for common ancestors but not us), analogous structures (Similar ecological demand but used for different reasons)
Describe comparative behaviour
Some behaviours are the result of genes therefore certain behaviours can evolve
What are Darwinian’s 5 facts and 3 inferences?
- Potential exponential increase of pop’n
- Steady state of most pop’n
- Limitation of resources
Therefore, competition for resources within pop’n - Individuals Vary within a pop’n
Therefore, differential survival and reproduction of individuals - Much variation is heritable
Therefore, change (adaption) of pop’n over time = evolution
How to write Genus and specific name in Linnean system
Capitalize genus name, lower case and underline/italicize species name
What are the 6 kingdoms of life
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Describe Bacteria
- Made of prokaryote (NO NUCLEUS)
- First evidence was found in layered fossils in rocks 3.5 billion years ago
Describe Archaea
- Most similar modern domain of organisms to the ORIGINAL life form
- Earth’s first inhabitants
- Today are found in the most extreme environments
Describe Eukarya
- Have cells with a nucleus and other structures enclosed within a membrane
- US
- Nucleus is necessary because DNA is at risk of enzyme degradation when food is taken in
How did mitochondria arise in eukaryotes?
By an engulfment process, where aerobic bacteria were enslaved to produce more energy using oxygen
Describe the sinoatrial node
- Known as a pacemaker
- Located at the top left of right atrium
- Sends out signal for all cells to contract
Describe the atrioventricular node
- Where signal form SA collects and pauses to allow for atria to finish contracting
What are the 3 layers of the heart and what do they do?
Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium
Muscle is contractile, self-editable, non-fatiguing, and autorythmic and pericardium is a membrane sac that surrounds the heart
What are the blood vessel layers?
Tunica interna (endothelium cells/connective tissue), Tunica intermedia (smooth muscle/connective tissue), tunia externa (Connective tissue)
What does the endothelium layer in blood vessels do?
provides a flat, smooth surface to reduce friction and allow for blood to flow easily
What does connective tissue do?
stretchy layer that secretes elastic collagen
What does smooth muscle do?
Stretches and contracts to control/accommodate blood flow
Describe the process of external respiration (air and blood)
- When air is drawn into the lungs it mixes with stale air that remains in the trachea and alveoli to keep it open, therefore decreases Po2
- This air then dissolves into the thin film of water of the alveolar wall
- Arteriole blood has a much lower Po2 than the alveolar air thus creating a gradient
- The new oxygenated blood will move into the plasma until there is no longer a gradient
- Haemoglobin in red blood cells binds with oxygen and removes it from plasma so that the plasma can take in more oxygen
Describe internal respiration (blood and tissue)
- When cells respire they use up oxygen which decreases Po2 of the cell, creating a concentration gradient between the plasma and tissues
- The oxygen diffuses into the tissues; the rate of diffusion increases as the cells work harder due to a stronger gradient
- Only enough blood is sent to a tissue to meet a cells needs
- Since the red blood cells are at an equilibrium with the plasma, as oxygen diffuses out of the plasma to the tissue it is replaced by the oxygen carried by the red blood cells
- The blood is then restored again at the pulmonary capillaries
- The air that is exhaled mixes with the oxygenated air that remains in the trachea
How are the lungs kept clean?
- Nose and turbinate bones act as a filter
- trachea and bronchi have cilia and thin mucus that pushes mucus up the trachea so it can be swallowed and stomach acid will kill most pathogens
- Scavenger cells are white blood cells that come through moist lunch plasma and engulf bacteria
- Lymph ducts carry mucus to lymph nodes where there are white blood cells that can engulf the particles
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
What do carbohydrates supply?
- Quickly, most readily used source of energy is glucose (stored in liver as glycogen)
What do sugary foods do to glucose levels?
Sugary foods immediately enter blood stream increasing blood glucose respond signalling pancreas to excrete insulin and hunger quickly returns
What do proteins supply?
- Breakdown into amino acids
- Used for structural proteins (hair, nails, muscle, skin) or to synthesize other proteins such as haemoglobin, plasma proteins, enzymes, and hormones
What do lipids supply?
- Fats, oils, and cholesterol
- Trans fatty acids reduce the function of plasma membrane receptions that clear cholesterol from the blood stream
- Linoleic and linolenic acid are essential lipids as they produce various hormones but aren’t supplied by the body
What do vitamins supply?
- organic compounds that the body needs for metabolic purposes
- Many are co-enzymes (help enzymes)
Difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins?
Our body does not store water soluble vitamins because they dissolve in water, thus need to be taken every day. Fat soluble are stored in the body and shouldn’t be taken as often as water soluble vitamins
How does the stomach digest protein without digesting itself?
- Epithelial layer is folded into tiny gastric pits
- Epithelial cells produce so much gastric mucosa that it creates a protective layer against the contents of the stomach
- Chief cells produce pepsin in the inactive form pepsinogen to protect itself
- Parietal cells produce concentrated hydrochloric acid
What are the three types of meristems? Briefly describe them.
Shoot apical meristem (produces adult tissue at the top of the plant for the shoot system), Root apical meristem (produces adult tissues for root system), Lateral (secondary) Meristems (Vascular and cork cambium produce vascular tissue and bark)
What are the three main types of tissues? Briefly describe them.
Ground (carry out metabolic processes and provide support), Dermal (protect plant and interact with environment), vascular (transport water, minerals, and sap)
Describe dicot stem
- Vascular bundles are in a circle
- V. Tissues are NOT within the central cylinder
Describe dicot root
- Large cortex
- Vascular Bundle in X shape
- Vascular tissues within central cylinder
Name the 5 phytohormones
Auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene
What does auxin do?
- Induces cell elongation
- Weaken cell wall using an enzyme
- Increase water intake
What does gibberellin do?
- Releases amylase from seed cells which breaks down starch stored in the seed to supply sugar for cell respiration and growth
Therefore induces germination
What does Ethylene do?
- Induces the ripening of fruits
- Induces lead abscission
What does cytokinin do?
- Induces mitosis and therefore plant growth
- Delays the senescence(aging) of leaf
- Delays degradation of chloroplasts
