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Biology > Botany > Flashcards

Botany Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are plants important to humans?

A

Food, rubber from sap, herbal tea, medic ice, natural insecticides, cotton, and wood

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2
Q

What makes a plant a plant?

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Multicellular organisms with specialized tissues
  • Cell wall with cellulose
  • Photosynthesis
  • Store glucose as starch
  • DNA similarities
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3
Q

What organs do plants have?

A

Stem, leaf, root

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4
Q

Why are fungi not plants?

A

Glucose is stored as glycogen, cell walls are made of chitin, tissues CAN be unicellular, not photosynthetic

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5
Q

Why are algae not plants?

A
  • Do not develop embryos
  • Don’t have chlorophyll
  • Cels/tissues aren’t specialized
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6
Q

How are plants classified?

A
  • vascular system, seeds, flowers
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7
Q

Describe Bryophytes

A

Small, found in moist shady areas, no seeds, no flowers, no vascular system

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8
Q

Describe Pteridophytes

A

Have vascular system, no seed, no flower, true tissues, embryo, large leaves called frands

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9
Q

Describe gymnosperms

A

Have naked seeds, vascular system, true tissues, embryo, not a proper clade, have needles

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10
Q

Describe angiosperms

A

Flowers, seeds, vascular system, true tissues, embryos

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11
Q

What are the 6 meristems? their functions?

A
  • Shoot apical meristem (produces cells at top of stem)
  • Root apical meristem (located at bottom, produce cells at roots)
  • Lateral meristems (adds branches to shoot)
  • Cork cambium (produces barck and cork)
  • Vascular cambium (produces vascular tissues)
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12
Q

Growth of plant stages:

A
  1. cell division in meristems
  2. Elongation of new cells
  3. Differentiation and specialization
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13
Q

Types of adult tissues:

A

Ground (carry out metabolic processes), dermal(protect plant and interact with environment), vascular(transport water, minerals, and sap)

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14
Q

Describe Monocot

A
  • 1 cotyledon
  • 3 or multiple of 3 leaves
  • parallel leaf veins
  • VB are spread out in stem
  • VB are in circle in root
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15
Q

Describe Dicot

A
  • 2 cotyledon
  • 4 or 5 leaves
  • net array of leaf veins
  • VB are in a circle in stem
  • VB are in X in root
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16
Q

Why is it good to be wood?

A
  • Tree can grow taller

- Lasts longer (has protection)

17
Q

Why is it bad to be wood?

A
  • Secondary growth takes more energy
  • Needs a defines mechanism
  • Likely to be attacked by animals
18
Q

What does xylem consist of?

A
  • fibers, parenchyma, and conducting cells
19
Q

What must be present for the cohesion - tension model to work?

A
  • continuous water flow
20
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A
  • holes that allow for water to transport between cells
21
Q

Conducting cells:

A
  • no cytoplasm
  • start alive then die
  • secondary cell wall with lignin
22
Q

Vessel elements:

A
  • larger than tracheids, top and bottom digest to form one tube, holes on walls
  • in angiosperms
23
Q

Tracheids:

A
  • less efficient, connect each other through pits

- In angiosperms and gymnosperms

24
Q

Explain cohesion - tension model

A

…

25
Q

What does xylem transport rely on?

A
  • adhesion (water sticks to hydrophilic molecules)
  • cohesion ( water sticks to water)
  • Transpiration
26
Q

What decreases inspiration?

A
  • Thick waxy cuticle
  • Stomata lower on epidermis
  • smaller leaf surface area
  • more epidermal layers
27
Q

What increases transpiration?

A
  • dry air
  • wind
  • High temperatures
  • high number of stomata
28
Q

What do phloem consist of?

A
  • fibers, parenchyma, sieve tube members (conducting cells), and companion cells
29
Q

Describe companion cells:

A
  • Keep sieve tube element cells alive

- control phloem (allow sugar in and out)

30
Q

Describe translocation/pressure flow model:

A

…

31
Q

What are the groups of phytohormones?

A
  • auxins
  • gibberellin
  • cytokinin
  • abscisic acid
  • ethylene
32
Q

What does cytokinin do?

A
  • increases mitosis
  • delays senescence
  • delay degradation of chloroplasts
33
Q

What does auxin do?

A
  • cell elongation (vacuole fills with water stretching the cell, weakens wall to increase water intake)
34
Q

What does gibberellin do?

A

releases amylase from seed cells which breaks down stored starch in the seed to supply sugar for cell respiration and growth

35
Q

What does abscisic acid do?

A
  • must be broken down to allow for seed growth
  • Gibberellin cannot work until there is more gibberellin
  • Closes stomata and therefore reduces inspiration
36
Q

What does ethylene do?

A
  • ripens fruit

- induces leaf abscission

Biology (14 decks)

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