exam prep week 1 - 7 Flashcards
Define evidence-based nursing practice
When nurses make clinical decisions using the best available scientific and evidence-based research, including patient values and preferences, clinical expertise and experience
Why is EBP important to health professionals?
Ensures: accountability professional standards clinical competence and safety improved practice and service applying research to the real world of work
What are to two categories of evidence?
- non-research based
2. research based
What is the definition of research?
Is a formal, rigorous and precise process of inquiry that is planned and systematic
Why is research important for nurses?
Enables better understanding through discovery of knew knowledge
Improves practice based on evidence
Where is evidence located?
CINAHL
Joanna Briggs Institute
MEDLINE
Cochrane library
what is a systematic review?
Findings from a number of studies (usually quantitative) answering the same clinical question
Is stronger than one individual study
What is a meta-analysis?
Takes all the statistics from the systematic review to draw a conclusion
Gives a useful summary that weights study findings based upon the strength of the methodology
What is a meta-synthesis?
Involves analysis of several qualitative studies and summarises the findings
What are the 7 components of research reports?
- Title
- Abstract
- Introduction/aim
- Methods used
- Results/findings
- Discussion
- References
What does the introduction compromise of?
Defines the problem
Formulates the aim or question
What does the methodology compromise of?
Is the development and implementation of a plan for the research
What is in the results/findings?
Documentation of the findings of the data analysis
What is included in the discussion/conclusion section?
The interpretation of the findings
Draws conclusions and makes recommendations
An abstract summarizes a research report… what does it usually include?
Background Research question or aims Findings Conclusion (use it to see if it may answer your question)
Methodology includes?
The research design (qualitative, quantitative)
Sample (participant) selection from population group
Procedures and data collection methods
Data analysis
Quantitative design includes?
Hypothesis Control group Survey Random/convenience sample Variables measured by instruments or tools Reliability/validity of instruments statistical analysis Objectivity
Quantitative research includes?
A partial picture of a phenomenon is of interest
numerical information
The researcher is at ‘arms length’ from the data collection process
Validity has a specific meaning in quantitative reseach
Qualitative design includes?
No numbers
Focus is on subjective information
No control of phenomenon
Focus is on understanding complexity of people within the context of their lives
Includes naturally occurring conditions
Ensures answers will be as meaningful and accurate as possible
Ensures rigor/validity
Qualitative research includes?
A complete picture of a phenomenon is of interest
Non-numerical information
The research is NOT at ‘arms length’ from the data collection process
Rigor has a specific meaning in qualitative research
Discussion should include?
A summary of the key findings
Comparison of findings with previous findings
Speculation about the reason for the results of the study
Implications for practice
Discussion summary should …
Address the results that directly relate to the research question
Can include unexpected results
Includes results that the researcher believes are important
Discussion:
Comparison and Speculation
Compares the results with those from previous studies
Considers the findings from different theoretical perspectives
Offers explanation for the results including rationale to support this explanation
Discussion:
Implications for Practice
Interprets what the study and its results mean for practice
Makes suggestions for practice consistent with this interpretation and the supporting evidence (EBN)
Limitations…
Qualitative research – rigor
trustworthiness, confirmability, transferability, credibility
Quantitative research – reliability and validity
Measurement - reliability, validity
Design – internal and external validity
Conclusions…
Summarise:
New knowledge derived from the study
Consistency or otherwise of findings with previous knowledge
Limitations (design, sample, measures, procedures)
Recommendations (practice, education, research)
The research design identifies:
How subjects /participants recruited
What will happen during the study
How data will be analysed
When the study will end
Non-experimental Quantitative research design includes?
Correlation
Descriptive
Experimental Quantitative research design includes?
Quasi-experimental
Experimental
Qualitative research design includes?
Historical Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded theory Descriptive exploratory
Purpose of Qualitative Research
To understand personal experiences, interpretations from participant’s view
Help understand naturally occurring social phenomena
Explore attitudes, beliefs, values and experiences of participants
Searches for individuals’ perspective of reality
Interested in people’s experience of the world
Acknowledges that the researcher impacts on & is part of the research process
The Researcher in Qualitative Designs…
Visible in research process
Spends time in field
Personal contact and insight
What are the common types of qualitative research
Descriptive exploratory
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Ethnography
Historical
What is Descriptive Exploratory?
Has overtaken other methodologies
Not a specific approach
A generalised approach: tends to include common aspects of others
Collects “rich narrative data from small samples”
Describes situations
Describe Phenomenology
Studies phenomena in their natural setting
Aims to describe experience
Discovers the ‘lived’ experience eg. living with cancer
Involves in-depth interviews (2-3 hours talking to someone)
Research questions: Phenomenology
Provides us with in depth data about specific lived experiences
eg. Describe the experience of the before and after of losing a partner
What is the lived experience of … ?
What is the meaning of …. ?
What is the quality of…..?
Describe grounded theory
Examines processes
Examines inter-relationships among concepts to develop theory
Interviews, examination of documents & observation
Focuses on social processes, meaning and developing theory
Recognizes links - builds theory from that
Grounded theory is used when?
When little study done in the area
To find new understandings or perspectives on unknown or unclear phenomena
To look at and understand social process that come from our behavior
eg. Behaviors of family members in ICU
Research questions of grounded theory would include?
What does … ? (recovery mean to ICU patients)
How do …. ?
What is the process of ….? (social processes, interventions and developing theories from that)
What is Ethnography?
Doesn’t have to be race or religion, could be people who use illicit drugs
Understand the culture of a group of people
Insider (emic) as well as outsider (etic) approach
Researcher often participant observer-embedding within culture
Observations often supported with interviews
Time taken to establish trust
