Exam Pe Paper 1

Question 1

Define bradycardia

Answer 1

Person has a resting heart rate below 60bpm

Question 2

How does bradycardia happen?

Answer 2

Bradycardia happens when a performer has been exercising for along period of time. It is a long term adoption of exercise
It happens as the working muscles contract continuously , needing a high amount of blood to get oxygen to the working muscles
When there is more blood going to the muscles
When there is more blood going to the muscles, then there will be more blood going through the heart, which causes hypertrophy

Question 3

Outlone the mechanic process of inspiration at rest?

Answer 3

The inspiratory center is repsonsible for the basic rhythm of breathing. The inspiratory center sends impulse to inspiratry muscles to stimulate them, causing the muscle to contract.
When inspiring, the diaphragm move downwards. The external intercostal muscles will also contract,pulling the rib cage outwards creating more room in the thoracic cavity
More space= lower pressure
Meaning that the higher pressure air from.the environment can flow into lungs

Question 4

Using a sporting example, describe the term isometric contraction.

Answer 4

An isometric contraction is where a muscle does not contract, lengthen or shorten under load or tension. For example, when performing a handstand in gymnastics the muscles do not contract

Question 5

Define the term partial pressure.

Answer 5

The pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of other gases

Question 6

Explain how four different characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres (type 1) enable them to be better suited to endurance activities.

Answer 6

Low phosphocreatine storage
High content of myoglobin
High content of mitochondria

Question 7

What is myoglobin?

Answer 7

Provides an instant oxygen supply which is transferred to the mitochondria for an abundant energy release

Question 8

Explain how three structural adaptations cause a corresponding functional response in the cardiovascular system as a result of endurance-based training.

Answer 8

Hypertrophy = heart becomes bigger and stronger. Decrease HR and increase SV
Increased capillarization = Increase gaseous exchange allowing more oxygenated blood taken to working muscles
Increase production in RBC = More haemoglobin so more oxygen carried to respiring tissues and the vo2max will increase

Question 9

Using the sliding filament theory, summarise the process of a muscle contraction.

Answer 9

A nervous impulse arrives at the neurotransmitter junction, which releases acetylcholine
This causes the depolarisation of the motor end plate which travels throughout the muscle
Calcium ions is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The calcium ions bind to troponin
Tropomyosin moves, exposing the binding site of the actin
The myosin filaments can now attach to the actin, forming the cross bridge
The breakdown of ATP releases energy which enable the power stroke
The breakdown of ATP releases energy which enables the myosin to pull the actin filaments inwards and so shortening the muscle
The myosin detaches from the actin and the cross bridge when an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head.

Question 10

Examine how the muscular system responds to a warm-up.

Answer 10

Increased speed and strength of contraction due to an increase in enzyme activity in warmer muscle fibre
Decreased risk of muscular injury due to an increase in blood flow to the working muscles
Prepares tendons to improve the stability and contractile activity of skeletal muscles that are ready to react to an increase in activity.
Increased strength of contraction due to improved elsticity of muscle fibers
Increased speed of contraction and relaxation due to increase in body tempurature.