Exam One Flashcards
Elevated blood glucose causes beta cells of the pancreas to secrete the hormone ________
insulin
Glucose breaks down relatively rapidly to two molecules of pyruvate in a process called what?
glycolysis
A protein’s primary structure refers to:
its sequence of amino acids forming one or more polypeptide chain
True or false: A positive nitrogen balance is thought to be positive for losing protein as a result of starvation, severe illness with fever and infection, extreme weight loss, and trauma
False
The process for converting certain amino acids (building blocks of protein) to glucose is called:
gluconeogenesis
True or false: Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in both the muscles and the liver in the body.
True
What is the most abundant protein in the bodies of all mammals?
collagen
What is the function of secretin in protein digestion?
signals the pancreas to release water and bicarbonate in the intestine to neutralize the acidic chyme
Amino acids can be oxidized for energy by disposing of its ________ and donating its carbon skeleton to the TCA cycle or made into glucose in the liver.
nitrogen group
True or false: The body does not need an adequate source of energy from dietary carbohydrate and fat to allow dietary protein to optimally serve in its important roles instead of being oxidized as an energy source
False
Is bread a carbohydrate?
Yes
A(n) ________ study follows the same research subjects with repeat testing over a period of time that often lasts weeks to years.
longitudinal study
What dose of omega-3 supplement is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?
up to 3 grams per day
A triglyceride has how many fatty acids?
3
There are ________ calories in every gram of fat.
9
What is the backbone of triglycerides?
glycerol
Lactose is ________ and contains ________
milk sugar; one glucose and one galactose
True or false: Saturated fats provide a fluid structure, allowing nutrients to easily cross the cell membrane into the cell and allowing receptors in nerve cells to recognize neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)
False
A monosaccharide contains this many sugar molecules?
1
Glycolysis is considered:
anaerobic in nature but can occur if oxygen is present
True or false: Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body, so dietary intake is necessary
True
True or false: Type 2 diabetics are referred to as being “insulin resistant.”
True
When glucose is needed, ________ breaks down glycogen chains and liberates glucose
glycogenolysis
You are looking for a personal trainer to help you make gains. How can you be sure that your personal trainer is certified by a professional organization?
Ask the personal trainer if he or she is certified through the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).
True or false: ATP generation from glucose (glycolysis) is the slowest of all energy systems.
False
________ is the study of the body’s response to exercise from acute bouts to chronic adaptations with repeated activity and long-term training
Exercise physiology
True or false: Soluble fiber has been shown to help decrease the absorption of cholesterol from food and may therefore help reduce blood cholesterol levels
True
The simplest unit of a carbohydrate is called a?
Monosaccharide
The process of breaking down fat for energy during exercise is called:
lipolysis
________ is the amount of energy available to the body to perform all other functions after cost of exercise is subtracted
Energy availability
What whole-grain product is the best choice for adequate fiber toward your needs for the day?
5 grams of fiber and 2 grams of sugar
After absorption, free fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipids are packaged into
chylomicrons
True or false: Once carbohydrate reaches the stomach, the acidic environment destroys the salivary amylase.
True
Are water and minerals an organic or inorganic nutrient?
Inorganic
When someone is sedentary, which substrate is primarily being used to create ATP?
Fat
Which primary hormone that acts on the PANCREAS tells the body to perform glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to mobilize glucose because of low blood sugar)?
glucagon
What is the primary purpose of the Dietary Guidelines?
to provide evidence-based nutrition guidelines for policymakers and nutrition and health professionals who then develop policy and educational programs for the public
The average fiber intake in the United States is ________ the recommended amount
Under
What is the storage form of fat?
triglycerides
True or false: Soluble fibers are dissolvable in water; insoluble fibers are not dissolvable in water.
True
When is the best time for an athlete to try to lose weight or fat?
During the off season
Diabetics that exercise are at higher risk of:
hypoglycemia
True or false: Milk is a great recovery drink for athletes because it replaces carbs and has protein.
True
True or false: Aerobic fitness is linked to how long an athlete can rely on the aerobic system as intensity increases
True
What are the common signs and symptoms of overtraining syndrome (OTS)?
performance decrease, fatigue, loss of skeletal muscle, reduced strength and endurance capacity, coordination loss, decrease in appetite and weight loss, anxiety, insomnia, depression
The term that is used to describe reactions that require oxygen is ____________.
aerobic
Absorption of intestinal glucose takes place with this type of transport____________
coupled transport (active)
___________ serves as the major source of carbohydrate energy during exercise?
muscle glycogen
The process called ____________ splits the triacylglycerol molecule into glycerol and three water-insoluble fatty acid molecules
lipolysis
Active transport process requires the expenditure of cellular energy from ____________
ATP
