Exam ll: Part lll 36:1-2 & 37:3

Question 1

Resources acquired from the air and soil.

Answer 1

Air: Light & Carbon dioxide
Soil: Water and nutrients

Question 2

Leaf size and Leaf Area of Index

Answer 2

Largest leaves= tropical rain forest
Smallest= dry and cold environments.

LAI= total upper leaf / surface area (<7= self pruning)

Question 3

Stomates

Answer 3

Open= diffusion of CO2 but loss of water due to evaporation

Guard cells boarding the stomata take up K+

Question 4

Apoplast Pathway

Answer 4

Apoplast= transports water & minerals from roots to shoots.
- space outside the cell membrane (cell walls, extra space, interior of dead cells, xylem vessels)

Question 5

Symplast

Answer 5

Water and solutes move along the cytosol.
Substances can move cell to cell via plasmodesmata
open & close rapidly due to turgor pressure, Ca+ levels or pH

Question 6

Transmembrane

Answer 6

water and solutes move out of one cell, across the cell wall, into the neighboring cell.

Question 7

Osmosis and water potential

Answer 7

Osmosis is the diffusion of free water (not bound by solutes) across a cell membrane. (High to low)

Water potential: predicts which way water will flow. “downhill from high to low pressure.
Potential= waters ability to do work

Question 8

Solute potential

Answer 8

low concentration= high solute
high concentration= low solute
pure water= 0 so solutes is 0 or neg.

Question 9

Hypersomotic vs. Hyposomotic

Answer 9

Per= soln with the higher concentration
Po= solution with lower concentraation.

Question 10

Turgid, flaccid, and Plasmolyzed

Answer 10

Turgid= P> 0 (outward pressure on wall)
Flaccid= P=0 (no pressure on wall)
Plasmolyzed= P=0 ( plasma membrane pulls away from cell way.

Question 11

Flaccid

Answer 11

Cell is limp when placed in higher solute concentration, which causes cell to lose water and undergo plasmolysis.

Question 12

Plasmolysis

Answer 12

protoplasts shrinks and pulls away from cell wall.

Question 13

Turgor loss

Answer 13

causes plants to wilt

Question 14

Transmembrane transport

Answer 14

“passive’= osmosis
“active”=
- faster than osmosis
- against water potential gradient.

Question 15

Roots and symbionts

Question 16

What is Rhizobacteria?

Answer 16

free-living bacteria that occupies the rhizosphere (soil surround the plants root’s)

Question 17

What are Endophytes?

Answer 17

nonpathogenic bacteria that lives between the cells of host plant tissues

Question 18

Symbiotic fungi

Answer 18

Form mychorrhizal associations with plants improving the growth and survival of plants.

Question 19

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen from ___ to ____ in only bacteria

Answer 19

N2 to NH3

Question 20

COME BACK TO NITROGEN FIX TOPIC
Legumes roots have swellings called nodules due to

Answer 20

Nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria in which provides plants with fixed nitrogen

Question 21

What are the two types of Mycorrhizae bacteria?

Answer 21

Ectomycorrhizae (glove model, less common)= sheath wrapped over the surface of the root.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (v common) penetrates the cell wall.