Bio final exam Part 1: Chapters 29.1 & 30.1

Question 1

What are the pros and cons of life on land.

Answer 1

Pros: Nutrients in the soil, abundance of light and CO2, fungal species as symbionts.
Cons: DRY, split resources, gravity, extreme seasons.

Question 2

Symbionts

Answer 2

Species that live in close proximity that advantages both species.

Question 3

Four ancestral traits shared with various algal groups (mpcc):

Answer 3

1. Multicellular eukaryotes
2. Photosynthetic autotrophs
3. Chloroplasts structures contain ch. A & B (gives the plants their color)
4. Cell walls made of cellulose.

Question 4

Four ancestral traits shared with Charophytes (psss):

Answer 4

1. Plasma Membrane
2. Sperm flagella
3. Similarities in sequence of chloroplasts, mitochondria DNA
4. Sporopollen (prevents desiccation: drying)

Question 5

5 derived traits of plants:

Answer 5

1. Alternation of generations.
2. Walled spores
3. Apical Meristems
4. The waxy cuticle
5. Stomata

Question 6

Trait #1 unique to plants:

Answer 6

Alternation of generations:
- 2 multicellular life stages:
- Haploid stage: Meiosis produces spores, Gametophyte
-Diploid stage: zygotę, embryo, sporophyte.

Question 7

What are multicellular dependent embryo and why are plants called embryo-bytes:

Answer 7

Diploid embryo is developed and protected within the tissue of the female gametophyte.
Embryophytes- due to the embryos dependency on the parent.

Question 8

Plants unique trait #2:

Answer 8

Walled spores produces by sporangia:
- sporophytes produces spores in sporangia.
- cell walls contain sporopollen in which protects them from harsh environments.

Question 9

Plants unique trait #3

Answer 9

Apical meristems: cell division takes place at tips of roots and shoots.
- the continuous cell division elongates the roots to obtain resources better.

Question 10

Plant unique trait #4:

Answer 10

Waxy Cuticle (covers the epidermis) in which prevents water loss

Question 11

Plants unique trait #5:

Answer 11

Stomata: gas exchange happening from the outside to the tissues.
- opens for co2 and closes to keep water from leaving

Question 12

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, Polyphyletic

Answer 12

Mono: ancestral species and all of its decedents
Para: ancestral species with some but not all of the descendants.
Poly: includes distant related species but not the common ancestor.

Question 13

Nonvascular Plants (bryophytes) lifecycle, examples, and adaptations:

Answer 13

Plants: lack true roots & absorb water from surroundings.
Lifecycle: Alternation of Gen
- Gametophyte= dominant (larger in size and lives longer)
- Sporophyte= reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition.
Examples: Mosses, Hornworts and liverwarts.
Adaptations: waxy cuticles, rhizoids (anchor)

Question 14

Seedless Vascular Plants

Answer 14

Plants: true leaves and roots, reproduce through spores.
Gametophyte= reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free living)
Spororphyte= Dominant
Examples: Ferns, clubhouses, spikemeosses, quilwarts.

Question 15

Seed-plants :

Answer 15

Plants: reproduce via seeds
Gametophyte: reduced (micro), dependent on the surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
Sporophyte: dominant.

Question 16

Angiosperm

Answer 16

Angiosperm: produces seeds inside the fruit.
- seed develops in the ovary which is incased in the flower
- flowering plants.
- stamen: male portion of the flower that contains sperm
- pistole; female portion that contains ovaries.
Examples: Apples, Oranges, sugarcane, wheat

Question 17

Gymnosperm

Answer 17

Gymnosperm: produces seeds not in fruit
Needle and scale like leaves.
Reproduce: Disperse seeds by wind, and lands and developed into seedlings, then developed into a tree.
Examples: :Pinetrees, Redwoods

Question 18

5 Major steps in evolution of Land Plants:

Answer 18

• Protection from desiccation
  waxy cuticles/ stomata
  protected male and female gametophyte generations.
• Overcoming split world: Vascular tissue
• Pollen: independence from water for reproduction. (No more flagellated sperm)
• Seeds: Dormant and propagules with energy source
  Flowers: Maximizing reproductive efficiency

Question 19

Homospores vs. heterospores

Answer 19

Homospores: produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual (male & female) gametophyte.
Hetrospory: produces two types of spores microspores (males gametophytes) megaspores (female gametophytes)

Question 20

What are seeds and their 4 evolutionary advantages?

Answer 20

Seeds are the reproductive structure of a plant contains embryo, food supply and a protective coat.
Evolutionary advantages:
- Protection: protection from extreme environmental conditions.
- Dispersal: disperses over long distances causing colonization of new areas.
- Dormancy: increase survival chances by remaining dormant during harsh conditions.
- Food supply: provides nutrients to the developing embryo.

Question 21

Gymnosperm ovule:

Answer 21

consists of megaspores within a megasporangium surrounded by protective coats of integument.s.