Bio FINAL EXAM Part ll: Chapter 35 Vascular plant Structure and Growth Flashcards
What are the three plant organs?
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Roots important functions:
- anchoring the plant
- absorbing water & minerals
- storing carbohydrates
Primary Root vs. Lateral Root
primary: first to emerge from the seed.
lateral: branchs from primary and improves anchorage and water absorption.
Taproot vs. Fibrous roots
Tap: vertical root, anchorage, helps plant grow taller, food storage.
Fib: emergence of small, matted, adventitious roots. Holds topsoil in place.
Draw: Prop roots, Pneumatophores, “strangling” aerial roots and Buttress roots.
Prop roots: stability above ground
Pneu: give oxygen
Strangling: stability
Buttress: stability in wet soil
Stems important functions
- Maximizes photosynthesis
- Bear leaves and buds
- Alternating nodes (point of leaf attachment) and internodes (segments between the leaves)
Apical bud vs. Axillary bud
Apical: growing tips
Ax: could potentially form a branch, thorn, or flower
Examples of modified stems (RST)
Rhizomes: important for reproduction
Stolons: help plants reproduce asexually
Tubers: storage i.e potatoes, yams
Leaves importance
The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants.
Simple leaf vs. Compound leaf
Simple leaf: single undivided blade
Compound leaf: blade that consists of multiple leaflets with no axillary bud.
Modified leaf examples
- Tendrils (supports the plant by wrapping)
- Spines (protection)
- bulbs (onions)
Five things about Dermal tissues:
- protection
- epidermis vs. periderm
- cuticle
- guard cells
- trichomes
Epidermis location, function, and structure:
Location: outermost cells of woody plants.
Structure: single layer of tightly packed cells.
Function: protects water loss, disease, damage, and regulates gas exchange.
Periderms location, structure and function:
Location: replaces epidermis tissue as plant matures.
Structure: several layers of cells including cork cambium and cork cells
Function: protection from water loss, damage, disease, and helps the plant grow.
Trichomes
- Hair like structures surround a plant.
Functions: - protection by producing toxins,
- attracts pollinators by fragrances,
- reduces water loss
- reflecting light.
Vascular Tissues (stele):
transports materials via xylem and phloem
Ground tissues function and materials:
- neither dermal nor vascular tissues.
- Material: Pith & Cortex
- Function: specialized for storage, photosynthesis, support, and SHORT distance transport.
Pith location, function and structure
Location: ground tissue internal to the vascular plants.
Function: stores and transports nutrients and water throughout the plant and is used for structural support.
Cortex location, function, what it controls
Location: ground tissue outside the vascular tissue.
Function: Processing, integrating, transmitting sensory information.
Controls: voluntary movement and cognitive functions.
what are the six different cells of a plant?
- Parenchyma (living, metabolism and storage)
- Collenchyma (living, flexible support)
- Sclerenchyma (living or dead, rigid support)
- Xylem (Tracheids & vessel elements, dead, rigid support)
- Phloem: (sieve-tube element, living, sugar- conducting)
meristems, intermediate, and determinate growth:
Meristems:
- plants can continuously grow due to meristems.
- undifferentiated tissues composed of dividing stem cells.
Intermediate Growth:
- a plant can grow throughout it’s life.
Determinate growth:
organs grow at certain sizes.
primary growth and apical meristems:
primary growth: growth in length due to apical meristems at the tips of roots and shoots.
apical meristems: undifferentiated cells as you move down the stem.
Primary growth of ROOTS and the three zones:
Root cap that protects apical meristem (poly slime used as lubrication)
3 Zones:
divison, elongation, differentiation/ maturation.
Primary growth of Protoderm, Ground meristem , Procambium ,
Protoderm-> epidermis
- Protection and absorption via root hairs
Ground Meristems-> cortex
- storage, transport, located in endodermis (inside the skin)
Procambium -> vascular cylinder
- pericycle: support, and lateral roots
- long distance transport in xylem and phloem
Secondary Growth
growth in thickness
Vascular cambium: provides secondary xylem (“wood”) toward the interior and secondary phloem to the exterior of the stem.
Cork Cambium: Thick protective cover preventing water loss, and pathogen invasion.
Growth and cell division
- cell division in meristems increases cells during cytokines where a cell plates splits the cell into 2 more cells.
- not growth but has the potential to grow
ABC Hypothesis
Know the chart.
