Bio FINAL EXAM Part ll: Chapter 35 Vascular plant Structure and Growth

Question 1

What are the three plant organs?

Answer 1

Roots
Stems
Leaves

Question 2

Roots important functions:

Answer 2

• anchoring the plant
• absorbing water & minerals
• storing carbohydrates

Question 3

Primary Root vs. Lateral Root

Answer 3

primary: first to emerge from the seed.
lateral: branchs from primary and improves anchorage and water absorption.

Question 4

Taproot vs. Fibrous roots

Answer 4

Tap: vertical root, anchorage, helps plant grow taller, food storage.
Fib: emergence of small, matted, adventitious roots. Holds topsoil in place.

Question 5

Draw: Prop roots, Pneumatophores, “strangling” aerial roots and Buttress roots.

Answer 5

Prop roots: stability above ground
Pneu: give oxygen
Strangling: stability
Buttress: stability in wet soil

Question 6

Stems important functions

Answer 6

• Maximizes photosynthesis
• Bear leaves and buds
• Alternating nodes (point of leaf attachment) and internodes (segments between the leaves)

Question 7

Apical bud vs. Axillary bud

Answer 7

Apical: growing tips
Ax: could potentially form a branch, thorn, or flower

Question 8

Examples of modified stems (RST)

Answer 8

Rhizomes: important for reproduction
Stolons: help plants reproduce asexually
Tubers: storage i.e potatoes, yams

Question 9

Leaves importance

Answer 9

The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants.

Question 10

Simple leaf vs. Compound leaf

Answer 10

Simple leaf: single undivided blade
Compound leaf: blade that consists of multiple leaflets with no axillary bud.

Question 11

Modified leaf examples

Answer 11

• Tendrils (supports the plant by wrapping)
• Spines (protection)
• bulbs (onions)

Question 12

Five things about Dermal tissues:

Answer 12

• protection
• epidermis vs. periderm
• cuticle
• guard cells
• trichomes

Question 13

Epidermis location, function, and structure:

Answer 13

Location: outermost cells of woody plants.
Structure: single layer of tightly packed cells.
Function: protects water loss, disease, damage, and regulates gas exchange.

Question 14

Periderms location, structure and function:

Answer 14

Location: replaces epidermis tissue as plant matures.
Structure: several layers of cells including cork cambium and cork cells
Function: protection from water loss, damage, disease, and helps the plant grow.

Question 15

Trichomes

Answer 15

• Hair like structures surround a plant.
  Functions:
• protection by producing toxins,
• attracts pollinators by fragrances,
• reduces water loss
• reflecting light.

Question 16

Vascular Tissues (stele):

Answer 16

transports materials via xylem and phloem

Question 17

Ground tissues function and materials:

Answer 17

• neither dermal nor vascular tissues.
• Material: Pith & Cortex
• Function: specialized for storage, photosynthesis, support, and SHORT distance transport.

Question 18

Pith location, function and structure

Answer 18

Location: ground tissue internal to the vascular plants.
Function: stores and transports nutrients and water throughout the plant and is used for structural support.

Question 19

Cortex location, function, what it controls

Answer 19

Location: ground tissue outside the vascular tissue.
Function: Processing, integrating, transmitting sensory information.
Controls: voluntary movement and cognitive functions.

Question 20

what are the six different cells of a plant?

Answer 20

• Parenchyma (living, metabolism and storage)
• Collenchyma (living, flexible support)
• Sclerenchyma (living or dead, rigid support)
• Xylem (Tracheids & vessel elements, dead, rigid support)
• Phloem: (sieve-tube element, living, sugar- conducting)

Question 21

meristems, intermediate, and determinate growth:

Answer 21

Meristems:
- plants can continuously grow due to meristems.
- undifferentiated tissues composed of dividing stem cells.

Intermediate Growth:
- a plant can grow throughout it’s life.

Determinate growth:
organs grow at certain sizes.

Question 22

primary growth and apical meristems:

Answer 22

primary growth: growth in length due to apical meristems at the tips of roots and shoots.

apical meristems: undifferentiated cells as you move down the stem.

Question 23

Primary growth of ROOTS and the three zones:

Answer 23

Root cap that protects apical meristem (poly slime used as lubrication)
3 Zones:
divison, elongation, differentiation/ maturation.

Question 24

Primary growth of Protoderm, Ground meristem , Procambium ,

Answer 24

Protoderm-> epidermis
- Protection and absorption via root hairs

Ground Meristems-> cortex
- storage, transport, located in endodermis (inside the skin)

Procambium -> vascular cylinder
- pericycle: support, and lateral roots
- long distance transport in xylem and phloem

Question 25

Secondary Growth

Answer 25

growth in thickness

Vascular cambium: provides secondary xylem (“wood”) toward the interior and secondary phloem to the exterior of the stem.

Cork Cambium: Thick protective cover preventing water loss, and pathogen invasion.

Question 26

Growth and cell division

Answer 26

• cell division in meristems increases cells during cytokines where a cell plates splits the cell into 2 more cells.
• not growth but has the potential to grow

Question 27

ABC Hypothesis

Answer 27

Know the chart.