exam lecture study guide 2

Question 1

During vigorous exorcise, cardiac output can increase 5-7 times compared to at rest.

Answer 1

True:

This increase ensures that muscles receive enough oxygen and nutrients during intense physical activity.

Question 2

During vigorous exorcise, all of the capillaries in the body are open for blood flow.

Answer 2

false

Capillaries open selectively based on tissue demand, especially in active muscles, while other areas like the digestive system receive reduced blood flow.

Question 3

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is relatively consistent in the arteries as blood moves away from the heart, which is why a blood pressure cuff on the arm reflects pressure in the aorta.

Answer 3

True

Because arteries maintain pressure well, brachial artery measurements closely match aortic pressure.

Question 4

Arteries have less muscle and more valves compared to veins.

Answer 4

False

Arteries have more smooth muscle for regulating blood pressure, while veins have valves to prevent backflow due to low pressure.

Question 5

Rings of smooth muscle on arterioles regulate blood flow by their degree of contraction.

Answer 5

True

Arterioles control resistance and blood distribution by adjusting their diameter.

Question 6

Macrophages squeeze through capillary pores.

Answer 6

False

Neutrophils perform diapedesis (squeezing through capillary walls), not macrophages.

Question 7

Macrophages move on their own.

Answer 7

True

Macrophages move on their own via amoeboid motion.

They migrate toward infection sites following chemical signals (chemotaxis).

Question 8

Macrophages destroy tuberculosis bacteria.

Answer 8

True

Macrophages can destroy tuberculosis bacteria, though TB can evade them.

Macrophages engulf TB bacteria, but the bacteria can survive inside and hide in granulomas.

Question 9

the upper airways include the nasal cavity, the oral cavity, and the pharynx.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

the vocal cords are located within the larynx.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

the trachea has “C” shaped bands of cartilage that allow the esophagus to expand into the larynx as food is swallowed.

Answer 11

False

The esophagus expands into the trachea (not larynx) when swallowing.
The trachea is behind the esophagus, and its “C”-shaped cartilage accommodates food passage.

Question 12

The epiglottis usually causes food to enter the larynx during swallowing.

Answer 12

False

The epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.

It closes over the larynx during swallowing to direct food toward the esophagus.

Question 13

Goblet cells are found in the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract.

Answer 13

False

Goblet cells are found in the conducting zone, not the respiratory zone.

They secrete mucus in the trachea and bronchi, not the alveoli.

Question 14

Goblet cells secrete mucus that traps foreign particles.

Answer 14

True

This helps filter out dust and pathogens from the air.

Question 15

Goblet cells do not have their own cilia to propels the mucus out of the respiratory tract.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Bronchioles can change diameter to alter resistance to air flow.

Answer 16

True

Smooth muscle around bronchioles adjusts to control airflow during activities like exercise.

Question 17

Type I epithelial cells in the alveoli secrete pulmonary surfactant.

Answer 17

False

Type I alveolar cells do not secrete surfactant; Type II cells do.

Type II cells produce surfactant, which reduces surface tension and keeps alveoli open.

Question 18

The total surface area of the alveoli is about 100 square meters (size of a tennis court).

Answer 18

True

This large area allows for efficient gas exchange.

Question 19

The respiratory membrane consists of alveoli epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells (basement membranes fused together).

Answer 19

True

Their fused basement membranes form a thin barrier for gas diffusion.

Question 20

O2 and CO2 cross the respiratory membrane by diffusing through the cell membranes.

Answer 20

True

Gases move down their concentration gradients across the membrane.

Question 21

pneumothorax occurs when air enters the lungs.

Answer 21

False

False: Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, not the lungs.

This disrupts the negative pressure, causing lung collapse.

Question 22

during restful, quiet breathing, intra-alveolar pressure varies over about ± 1 mm Hg.

Answer 22

True

This small pressure difference drives airflow in and out of the lungs.

Question 23

at the end of a restful expiration and before starting the next inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure is 0, relative to atmospheric pressure.

Answer 23

True

No air flows in or out when the pressures are equal.

Question 24

the elastic recoil of the ribs and chest wall pulls outward on the pleural sac.

Answer 24

True

This outward force opposes the inward recoil of the lungs, keeping them partially inflated.

Question 25

Increasing the volume of a container (or the chest cavity) increases the pressure of a gas in the container.

Answer 25

False

Increasing volume decreases gas pressure (Boyle’s Law).

When the chest cavity expands, air pressure inside the lungs decreases, drawing air in.

Question 26

the pressure within the intrapleural space changes during the phases of ventilation, but it is always negative relative to atmospheric pressure.

Answer 26

True

This negative pressure prevents lung collapse by keeping the lungs against the chest wall.

Question 27

The diaphragm is an unusual skeletal muscle because it is anchored to bone on only one side.

Answer 27

True

It attaches to the lower ribs and spine but not on both sides like other skeletal muscles.

Question 28

The abdominal muscles can participate during active expiration.

Answer 28

true

They contract to force air out during activities like coughing or heavy breathing.

Question 29

During inspiration, the inspiratory muscles contract.

Answer 29

True

The diaphragm and external intercostals expand the chest cavity.

Question 30

During inspiration, the chest walls expand.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

During inspiration, the intrapleural space fills with air.

and

During inspiration, the alveoli expand.

Answer 31

False: The intrapleural space does not fill with air during inspiration.
If it did, this would cause a pneumothorax.

and

True: Alveoli expand during inspiration.

Question 32

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract and is made up of the mucous membrane, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.

Answer 32

True

It contains epithelial cells, immune tissues, and glands.

Question 33

The submucosa has connective tissue that is responsible for the stretchiness of the GI tract to permit expansion as food boluses move through.

Answer 33

True

This flexibility accommodates the movement of food.

Question 34

The muscularis externa contains 2 smooth muscle layers: the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle and the inner circular layer of smooth muscle.

Answer 34

True

These layers control peristalsis and segmentation for digestion.

Question 35

The serosa is the outermost layer of the GI tract and provides structural support through fibrous connective tissue.

Answer 35

true

It provides protection and structural support.

Question 36

The esophagus contains entirely smooth muscle along its length.

Answer 36

false

The upper esophagus contains skeletal muscle, while the lower part is smooth muscle.

Question 37

The stomach can expand to 20X its volume to accommodate a large meal.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

The small intestine has many villi and epithelial cells with microvilli, both of which decrease the surface area for absorption, making it highly inefficient at this function.

Answer 38

false

Villi and microvilli increase surface area, enhancing absorption.

These structures maximize nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

Question 39

The colon is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients in the chyme.

Answer 39

False

The colon absorbs water, not most nutrients.

Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine.

Question 40

Leptin KO mice get obese.

Answer 40

True

Without leptin, these mice lack appetite regulation and overeat.

Question 41

The liver is versatile in that it produces bile as well as processing nutrients (e.g. making glucose into glycogen).

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Emulsified bits of lipids are digested down to monoglyceride and fatty acid molecules that cross the membrane of the epithelial cells by simple diffusion.

Answer 42

true

Lipids are broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids, which diffuse into cells.

These molecules are small and non-polar, enabling simple diffusion.

Question 43

The relative size of the cecum is larger in herbivores compared to humans.

Answer 43

Herbivores have a larger cecum than humans.

This helps them digest plant material through microbial fermentation.

Question 44

The anus has an internal sphincter (smooth muscle) and an external sphincter (skeletal muscle).

Answer 44

True

The internal sphincter is involuntary, while the external sphincter is under voluntary control.

Question 45

Bile is a fluid that is made in the gallbladder.

Answer 45

False

Bile is produced in the liver, not the gallbladder.
The gallbladder stores bile but does not make it.

Question 46

The pancreas releases pancreatic juice which has digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What is passive immunization?

Answer 47

Passive immunization involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, providing temporary immunity.

Examples include receiving antibodies from maternal milk or injections of immune globulins.

Question 48

Which immune cells are antigen-presenting?

Answer 48

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

The primary antigen-presenting cells are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

They present antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response.

Question 49

How is chronic inflammation best characterized?

Answer 49

Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent immune response and tissue damage over time, often due to prolonged infection, autoimmune diseases, or exposure to irritants.

Question 50

Virus-infected cells present their antigen to what?

Answer 50

Virus-infected cells present antigens via MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells).

Question 51

Cellular stress can cause cell and DNA damage. Antioxidants can help reduce cell stress by free radical molecules. What is a major contributor to oxidative damage?

Answer 51

A major contributor to oxidative damage is reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are free radicals formed during normal metabolic processes or due to external stressors like UV light.

Question 52

Broccoli is rich in sulforaphane, a potent antioxidant molecule. How does sulforaphane help reduce oxidative stress?

Answer 52

Sulforaphane enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes by activating the Nrf2 pathway, which increases the expression of protective proteins and detoxifying enzymes.

Question 53

What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

Answer 53

A red blood cell’s diameter is approximately 7-8 micrometers (µm).

Question 54

The process of propelling mucus out of the respiratory tract is called what?

Answer 54

mucociliary clearance.

Question 55

What muscle(s) are contracted during forced expiration?

Answer 55

The abdominal muscles and internal intercostals contract during forced expiration to expel air forcefully.

Question 56

What is the volume of stale air in the “dead space” of the conducting zone?

Answer 56

The volume of stale air in the conducting zone is about 150 mL.

Question 57

For increasing alveolar ventilation (eg during exercise), which is more efficient, increasing respiration rate or increasing tidal volume?

Answer 57

Increasing tidal volume is more efficient than increasing respiration rate because it enhances the depth of breathing and reduces dead space ventilation.

Question 58

What are at least 2 functions of the Conducting Zone?

Answer 58

Air filtration and humidification.

Transport of air to and from the respiratory zone.

Question 59

What percent of the air we breathe at sea level is CO2?

Answer 59

The air we breathe contains approximately 0.04% CO2.

Question 60

During passive expiration, which muscles are contracting?

Answer 60

No muscles actively contract during passive expiration; it relies on the elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cavity. (CHECK))))))

Question 61

How much is tidal volume (in ml)?

Answer 61

Tidal volume is typically around 500 mL.