exam 3 lab Flashcards
Which of the following most correctly describes Diabetes Mellitus Type II?
Insulin resistance with possible insulin deficiency.
Expiations: Type II diabetes involves impaired cellular response to insulin (resistance) and can progress to insufficient insulin production.
What is the relationship between glucagon and blood glucose?
Glucagon increases blood glucose.
Explanation: Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver, raising blood glucose levels during fasting.
Which of these are an effect of insulin?
Promotes glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and fat storage.
Explanation: Insulin facilitates glucose uptake by cells and stimulates anabolic processes to lower blood glucose levels.
How would you expect blood glucose to change after ingestion of a small sugar bolus?
It temporarily increases, then decreases as insulin is released.
Explanation: Blood glucose spikes with sugar intake, but insulin secretion restores it to normal levels.
Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary.
The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary through releasing/inhibiting hormones and neural connections.
Explanation: Hypothalamic hormones control anterior pituitary secretion, while direct neural signals regulate the posterior pituitary.
Which hormone increases blood glucose, suppresses the immune system, and increases protein/fat breakdown to adapt the body to stress?
Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal cortex during stress, aiding in energy mobilization and stress adaptation.
How does LH regulate the reproductive system?
Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation in females; testosterone production in males
Explanation: LH surges trigger ovulation in females and act on Leydig cells to produce testosterone in males.
How does each of the following hormones affect body weight in the short-term (as shown in the lab experiment)?
Leptin: Decreases appetite and reduces food intake.
Ghrelin: Increases appetite and stimulates food intake.
Insulin: Modestly suppresses appetite.
Explanation: Leptin and insulin signal satiety, while ghrelin signals hunger.
Which substances should be prevented from passing into the filtrate and should NOT be found in urine in a healthy person?
Proteins, red blood cells, and glucose.
Explanation: These are retained by the glomerular filtration barrier; their presence indicates kidney damage or systemic disease.
Which disease is associated with urinalysis findings: positive Benedict’s test, sweet smell, high specific gravity, calcium oxalate crystals, and hyperglycemia?
Diabetes Mellitus.
Explanation: Diabetes causes hyperglycemia, leading to glucosuria, a sweet-smelling urine, and potential crystal formation due to metabolic imbalances.
Which disease is associated with urinalysis findings: positive leukocyte esterase, fishy smell, cloudy urine, calcium phosphate crystals, burning urination, and fever?
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI).
Explanation: These findings suggest infection with inflammation, leukocyte presence, and bacterial overgrowth.
