exam 2 LAB study guide

Question 1

1. Describe reciprocal inhibition.

Answer 1

Reciprocal inhibition refers to the process where the contraction of one muscle (agonist) is accompanied by the relaxation of its opposing muscle (antagonist). This allows smooth and coordinated movements, such as the biceps contracting while the triceps relax during a curl.

Question 2

2. Describe contralateral reflex.

Answer 2

A contralateral reflex is a reflex where the response occurs on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus. For example, if you step on a sharp object with your right foot, the left leg activates to maintain balance through this reflex mechanism.

Question 3

3. Describe the Jendrassik Maneuver.

Answer 3

The Jendrassik Maneuver involves clenching the teeth and pulling the hands apart while performing a reflex test (like the knee jerk). This technique enhances reflex responses by reducing the conscious inhibition of reflex activity.

Question 4

4. What are the components of blood and what are their proportions?

Answer 4

Plasma: ~55% (contains water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, etc.)

Red blood cells (erythrocytes): ~45%

White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets: Less than 1%

Question 5

5. What is the precursor of macrophages, which phagocytose pathogens?

Answer 5

Monocytes are the precursor cells that differentiate into macrophages when they migrate into tissues.

Question 6

6. Identify the following cell types from photographs: Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Basophils, Megakaryocytes, Eosinophils.

Answer 6

Lymphocytes: Small cells with a large nucleus and minimal cytoplasm.

Monocytes: Large cells with a kidney-shaped or oval nucleus.

Basophils: Granulated cells with dark purple granules.

Megakaryocytes: Large bone marrow cells that release platelets.

Eosinophils: Granulated cells with bright red or orange granules.

Question 7

7. What are the steps in hemostasis?

Answer 7

Vascular spasm: Constriction of the blood vessel to reduce blood flow.

Platelet plug formation: Platelets adhere to the damaged site and to each other.

Coagulation: Fibrin forms a mesh to solidify the clot.

Question 8

8. Solve: What would be the hematocrit of a sample if the height of the red blood cell component was X mm and the total blood column was Y mm?

Answer 8

Hematocrit (%) = (Height of red blood cell component / Total blood height) × 100

Question 9

9. Understand these terms: Inspiratory Capacity (IC), Residual Volume (RV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Expiratory Capacity (EC), Tidal Volume (TV).

Answer 9

IC: Maximum amount of air inhaled after a normal exhalation.

RV: Air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation.

IRV: Additional air inhaled after a normal inhalation.

EC: Total air exhaled after a normal inhalation.

TV: Air moved during a normal breath.

Question 10

10. Calculate pulmonary capacities:

Given:
TV = 0.5 L, IRV = 2 L, ERV = 1 L, RV = 1 L

FIND: IC, VC, and FRC

Answer 10

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV + IRV = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 L

Vital Capacity (VC) = TV + IRV + ERV = 0.5 + 2 + 1 = 3.5 L

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = ERV + RV = 1 + 1 = 2 L

Question 11

t/f

Vital capacity should INCREASE with height

Answer 11

TRUE

Taller individuals tend to have larger lung volumes.

Question 12

t/f

Tidal volume should INCREASE during exercise.

Answer 12

TRUE

Breathing becomes deeper during exercise to meet oxygen demands.

Question 13

t/f

Maximal voluntary ventilation should DECREASE with age

Answer 13

TRUE

Lung function declines with age due to reduced elasticity.

Question 14

t/f

Forced expiratory volume should DECREASE in people with asthma.

Answer 14

TRUE

Asthma constricts airways, making it harder to exhale forcefully.

Question 15

12. Which of the following increase electrodes’ sensitivity to electrodermal activity?

Answer 15

Answer: A) Sweating

Question 16

13. If activity in the sympathetic nervous system increases, it would be expected that:

Answer 16

Answer: B) The liver releases glucose