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Virology > Exam IV: How to be a Virologist > Flashcards

Exam IV: How to be a Virologist Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of HCMV? Enveloped? Diameter? Shape?

A

Enveloped
150-200 nm in diameter
Iscoaherdral

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2
Q

What is the genome of HCMV? how long is it?

A

linear dsDNA

200kb

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3
Q

What family does HCMV belong to?

A

Herpesvirus

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4
Q

What is the mode of transmission of HCMV?

A

Direct contact with bodily fluids

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5
Q

What is the R0 of HCMV?

A

1.7 (1 person will infect ~2 others)

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6
Q

What is the host of HCMV?

A

Humans

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7
Q

What is the tropism of HCMV? (4)

A
  1. Epithelial cells
  2. Endothelial cells
  3. Fibroblasts
  4. Leukocytes
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8
Q

What is the mechanism of penetration of HCMV?

A

glycoprotein H (gH), gL, gO from a trimer compelx on the envelope and bind to gH/gL receptors

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9
Q

What is the life cycle of HCMV?

A

Entry > nuclear por > vDNA release into nucleus > trancription and translation > DNA replication via rolling cirlce mechanism > linear concatemer > cleaved into single copies > assembly in nucleus > buds otu of golgi

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10
Q

What are 2 unique features of HCMV?

A
  1. UL42 protein inhibits cGAS/STING pathway (delays recognition)
  2. HCMV goes latent in myeloid cells by incorporating into host genome
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11
Q

What disease does HCVM cause (2)? Symptoms?

A

Mild illness: fever, sore throat, fatigue, swollen glands

Can cause mononucleosis and hepatitis

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12
Q

What is the most common patient outcome with HCVM?

A

HCVM will go latent with occasional reactivation

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13
Q

__% of the population is infected with HCVM in developed countries. About __% in undeveloped countries.

A

60% developed

90% undeveloped

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14
Q

What is the epidemiology (geographic distribution) of HCMV?

A

Rocky mountians, midwest, northern-most northeast

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15
Q

What is the seroprevalence of HCMV?

A

60% of US population

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16
Q

What is the likelihood of reinfection of HCMV?

A

Reinfection rate ~10%

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17
Q

What is the treatment for HCMV?

A

Not generally needed

If you are immunocompromised: antivirals

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18
Q

What are preventative measures against HCMV?

A

Avoid contact with another person’s bodily fluids (don’t share drinks, wear a condom, etc)

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19
Q

Where does HCMV do latent?

A

Goes latent in Myeloid (monocyte) progenitors

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20
Q

Is the tissue HCMV goes latent in different from the tissue it infects?

A

It can be??

21
Q

Are enzymes brought in with the capsid of HCMV?

A

Yes (pp65m, pUL47, pp150, pp28, pp71)

Direct things toward nuclear complexes

22
Q

What are the diagnostic tools for HCMV?

A

Detect antibodies using ELISA assay

If less than 1 year old: PCR of saliva with urine sample for confirmation

23
Q

What are the public health concerns for HCMV?

A

1/200 people is born with congenital HCMV

Long term health problems include hearing loss, developmental/motor delay, vision loss, microcephaly, seizures

24
Q

What are medically related complications to HCMV?

A

Retinitis (inflammation of the retina), colitis, esophagitis, hepatitis, encephalitis, pneumonia

25
Q

How might HCMV become a problem in the health care setting? (3)

A

Congenital infection with 32% transmission rate
Contributes to mortality in AIDS patients
Most common opportunity in transplant patients

26
Q

What is the genome of Chikungunya Virus made of? How long is it?

A

+RNA

11.8 kb

27
Q

What is the structure (morphology) of Chikungunya virus? Enveloped? How many protiens does it code for?

A

Small (70 nm)
Enveloped
9 protiens

28
Q

What family is Chikungunya a part of?

A

Togaviridae Family

29
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Chikungunya?

A

Arbovirus

Aedes aegypti mosquitos

30
Q

What is the R0 of Chikungunya?

A

3.4

31
Q

What are the hosts of Chikungunya?

A

Humans

Mosquitoes

32
Q

What symptoms does Chikungunya infection have?

A

Fever and joint pain

also headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, rash

33
Q

What is the incubation period for Chikungunya virus?

A

3-7 days

34
Q

What are the patient outcomes of Chikungunya infection?

A

Severe and debilitating joint pain

Most symptoms subside after 1 week

35
Q

Are enzymes brought in with the capsid in Chikungunya?

A

No, but the capsid protein itself is autoproteolytic

36
Q

What are the diagnostic tools for Chikungunya infection?

A

Antibody test
Antigen test for viral RNA
Symptoms are indistinguishable from dengue and zika virus

37
Q

What are the public health concerns of Chikungunya?

A

With climate change, the range of its vectors (monsquitoes) is increasing

38
Q

Does Chikungunya undergo latency?

A

No

39
Q

Tell me about the lytic infection of Chikungunya

A

Lytic infection set in for 2-4 days
Replicates in fibroblasts
travels through the blood to liver, muscle, joints, lymphoid tissue, brain

40
Q

What is the most distinct symptom of Chikungunya?

A

Arthralgia

41
Q

Is Chikungunya a persistnat infection?

A

Yes, it can be found after 44 days in splenic macrophages and enothelial cells

42
Q

What are 4 important proteins for Chikungunya life cycle?

A
  1. nsP1
  2. nsP2
  3. nsP3
  4. nsP4
43
Q

What is the lifecycle of Chikungunya?

A

Four nsPs come together with viral RNA and host protiens > form replication compartments at the cell membrane (spherules) > genome is replicated > spherules are internalized > leave vacuoles to form mature virus > virus buds out and egresses

44
Q

What are the medically related complication of Chikungunya?

A

Long-term complications: joint pian, muscle pain, joint stiffness, joint swelling
Rare complication: eye inflammation, myocarditis, myelisis, cranial nerve palsies

45
Q

How might Chikungunya become a problem in a health care setting?

A

The acute symptoms are debilitating and extremely painful
Long term chronic pain management
Contribute to a decrease in the quality of life

46
Q

What is the treatment for Chikungunya?

A

Supportive care

47
Q

Prevention of Chikungunya?

A

Avoid getting bit by mosquitos

No vaccine

48
Q

Likelihood of reinfection

A

Immunity should last for life

49
Q

What regions of the world has the highest prevelance of Chikungunya?

A

Southeast Asia

Seroprevalacnce of 22%

Virology (22 decks)

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