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Virology > Exam II: Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Exam II: Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

the process by which an infection leads to disease

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2
Q

What are the 6 forms of pathogenesis?

A
  1. Localized infections
  2. Systemic infection
  3. Latent infection
  4. Chronic infection
  5. Acute infection
  6. Slow infection
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3
Q

What is an example of a localized infection?

A

Influenza

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8149/

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4
Q

What is an example of a systemic infection?

A

Variola Virus (smallpox)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8149/

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5
Q

What is an example of a latent infection?

A

HIV

https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/viral-latency

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6
Q

What is an example of a chronic infection?

A

Hepatitus C

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/viral-pathogenesis

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7
Q

What is an example of an acute infection?

A

Poliovirus

https://www.virology.ws/2009/02/13/acute-viral-infections/

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8
Q

What is an example of a slow infection?

A

HIV

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_virus

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9
Q

What are the 3 basic principles of virology?

A
  1. Viruses must be able to spread from one infected organism to another
  2. The tissues infected and seriousness of disease determine the mechanism of spread
  3. Epidemiology influences replication and pathology
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10
Q

What are the 7 routes of entry for a virus?

A
  1. Respiratory Tract
  2. GI tract
  3. Genital Tract
  4. Conjunctiva = membrane of the eyes
  5. Skin
  6. Blood
  7. Iatrogenic = medical exam/treatment
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11
Q

What are the 5 routes of transmission?

A
  1. Oral-fecal
  2. Airborne
  3. Blood-borne (mosquitos, transfusion, needles)
  4. Sexual
  5. Congenital (present from birth)
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12
Q

Zoonosis

A

Viruses that hang out in animals and go through their life cycle and then jump back in humans

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13
Q

What is an example of an oral-fecal virus?

A

Rotavirus

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14
Q

Viruses that use oral-fecal transmission are spread by what?

A

The ingestion of contaminated food or water

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15
Q

Infection via oral-fecal transmission usually begins where?

A

The gut

Can spread to other organs

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16
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting; inflammation of the gut

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17
Q

Where are the mature virions excreted in the fecal-oral transmission?

A

urine or feces

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18
Q

Are oral-fecal viruses usually stable or unstable? Why?

A

Stable

They have to persist in an infectious form outside of the body for long periods of time

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19
Q

Airborne viruses are expelled as what? (2)

A
  1. Aerosol

2. Mucus

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20
Q

Viruses that use airborne transmission are spread when? (2)

A
  1. When contaminated air is inhaled

2. Mucosal secretions > object > mucosa of mouth, nose, eyes

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21
Q

Are airborne viruses usually stable or unstable?

A

Unstable when outside the body

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22
Q

Airborne infections often begin where? (2)

A

Eye

Upper respiratory tract

23
Q

What is an example of an airborne virus?

A

SARS - coronavirus

24
Q

What is a defense our body has against airborne viruses?

A

Mucociliary elevator

25
Q

What is a defense our body has against oral-fecal viruses?

A

???

26
Q

Viremia

A

Viruses present in the bloodstream

27
Q

How are blood-borne viruses transmitted? (2)

A
  1. Via the skin by blood-sucking insects

2. exposure to contaminated blood

28
Q

Arboviruses

A

Arthropod Borne Viruses

29
Q

Can blood-borne viruses replicate in arthropods and vertebrates?

A

Yes

30
Q

Are blood-borne viruses stable or unstable?

A

Unstable outside of the host

31
Q

Blood-borne viruses, because of their need to establish a significant viremia can cause serious disease. Why?

A

Every organ in your body is supplied with blood and therefore if there is a full-on infection in the blood every organ in your body has the potential to be infected

32
Q

How much Ebola-infected blood does someone need to come into contact with in order to have a full-blown infection?

A

One drop

33
Q

What is an example of a blood-borne virus?

A

Ebola virus

34
Q

What is an example of a host defense against a blood-borne virus?

A

Our entire circulatory system is protected by endothelial cell linings, so blood to blood contact is very difficult

35
Q

Sexual transmission requires ____ contact

A

Genital

36
Q

Is sexual transmission a common or uncommon route for viruses?

A

Common route

37
Q

Sexually transmitted viruses can be present in what 4 forms in the genital area?

A
  1. Warts
  2. Lesions
  3. Semen
  4. Vaginal secretions
38
Q

Infection by sexually transmitted viruses begin where?

A

Begin in genital mucosa

May spread to other organs

39
Q

Sexually transmitted viruses are not spread easily, what implication does this have?

A

They mush persist in their host for a long period of time = set up long term persistent infections with mild disease

40
Q

What is an example of a sexually transmitted virus?

A

HIV

41
Q

What is a host defense against sexually transmitted viruses?

A

Genital to genital contact does not happen with great frequency with multiple people in the population ?

Unnatural = condom

42
Q

Congenital viruses are said to spread ______

A

vertically

43
Q

Where does congenital infections occur? (3)

A
  1. In utero
  2. Perinatal =during passage of the infant through the birth canal
  3. During breastfeeding
44
Q

What is an example of a congenital virus?

A

HIV

45
Q

What is a host defense against congenital infections?

A

Placenta

Mom can be treated with heavy antivirals right before birth (HIV)

46
Q

Iatrogenic virus example

A

Rabies

47
Q

Rabies virus in animals is a good example of what?

A

How viruses can actually change the psychology of its host to prompt spread

48
Q

Hantavirus is an example of what kind of unusual mode of transmission?

A

Inhaling dust and aerosols from the excreta of rodents

49
Q

Rabies virus is an example of what kind of unusual mode of transmission?

A

Bite - contact of saliva with blood

50
Q

Viruses take advantage of the unique lifestyle of the host to increase likelihood of spread. What are 4 examples?

A
  1. Density of human population
  2. Sexual habits
  3. Geographic location
  4. Diets (prions that cause Kuru) (mad cow disease)
51
Q

What are some reasons why refugee camps and temporary shelters make for virus playground? (5)

A
  1. Poor Sanitation
  2. Crowding
  3. Lack of access to clean water
  4. Poor nutritional status
  5. Limited medical care
52
Q

Tell me about the benefits of Xenotransplantation

A

Pigs have organs which closley match ours

If we genetically modify them we can decrease cell surface proteins which decreases the immune response

53
Q

What is the concern about Xenotransplantation?

A

We can introduce pig viruses to humans

Virology (22 decks)

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