Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Virology > Exam II: Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Exam II: Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major parts of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Cellular arm: production of CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
  2. Humoral arm: production of B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is the adaptive immune response specific or non-specific?

A

Specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does the adaptive immune response develop an immunological memory?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do T-cells recognize?

A

Recognize antigens 8-20 amino acids long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What proteins present peptide antigens for T-cells to recognize?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex Locus (MHC or HLA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the advantage of having a ‘variety’ of MHC/HLA molecules in a population? What is the disadvantage of having a limited variety of HLA molecules in a population?

A

MHC polymorphism extends the range of antigens to which the immune system can respond. The more variety the better your immune system can respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two kinds of MHC?

A

MHC I and MHC II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the components of MHC I?

A
  1. Heavy Chain - alpha 1, 2, 3

2. Light Chain - beta 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the components of the MHC II?

A

Heterodimer with alpha and beta sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anchor residues

A

The certain residues within the peptide interact with the MHC molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Class I MHC molecules are found in which cells?

A

All cells of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Class II MHC molecules are found in which cells? (3)

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do MHC relate to transplants?

A

In a transplant, you want similar HLA molecules
Families share many HLA
Stangers share some HLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do HLA types correlate with attractiveness?

A

The more dissimilar HLA types, the more attracted you are to another person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do MHC I present peptides?

A

Proteins from an infective agent (virus) > broken down in proteosme > TAP > ER > MHC I + peptide > golgi > MHC I present to T-cells > T-cell decide whether the antigen is self or nonself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Many of the peptides bound to MHC I are self-peptides

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do MHC II present peptides?

A

Viral protein > phagocytosis > MHC made in ER > peptide + MHC II are joined in cytoplasm > present to T-cell > T-cell decides whether the antigen is self or nonself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T-cells have T-cell receptors which recognize what?

A

The peptide presented in the groove of the MHC molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Each T-cell expresses one receptor, how does the body overcome this?

A

There are thousands of T cell varieties are present in each person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Each individual receptor can recognize a different peptide _____

A

epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The TCR has a variable region that can produce a wide repertoire of receptors (10^8 combinations possible)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T-cells require both a bond between TCR and Peptide on MHC, and which additional accessory molecules?

A

CD4 and CD8

They increase the binding affinity of the TCR and MHC molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MHC I is paired CD4/CD8 and binds to CTL/Helper T cells

A

MHC I = CD8 + CTL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MHC II is paired CD4/CD8 and binds to CTL/Helper T cells

A

MHC II = CD4 + helper T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do CTL do once activated by MHC+peptide?

A

Attack the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do Helper T cells do once activated by MHC+peptide?

A

Detach and secrete cytokines > activate immune response = activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does the body keep the T-cell from recognizing itself?

A

The body goes through the process of testing TCR against self-antigens, and recognizes the self-antigen it is destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What would happen if the T-cell or B-cell recognized the ‘self’ as foreign?

A

Autoimmune disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CTLS induce apoptosis in the target cell by activating what 3 pathways?

A
  1. The Granzyme pathway
  2. The Fas pathway
  3. The TNFalpha death pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Clonal Expansion

A

B/T cells exist in dormant state. Infection > present antigen > activation of B/T cells > increase the signal > chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the Granzyme pathway?

A

Effector cytotoxic T cell TCR binds to MHC + peptide > T cell releases perforin molecules + serine proteases > assemble perforin channel > serine proteases enter target cell > granzyme B turns Bid to tBid > caspase cascade > apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the Fas pathway?

A

Effector cytotoxic T cell has Fas ligand > Fas ligand binds to Fas on target cell > activate caspases > apoptosis

Also removes abnormal cells (CANCER)

33
Q

What is the TNFalpha death pathway?

A

TNF excreted from CTL > enduces apoptosis ??

34
Q

Where are B cells derived from?

A

Bone marrow

35
Q

What do B cells secrete?

A

Antibodies

36
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A

Antibodies are produced by the rearrangement of a large family of genes, known as the V, D, J, and C genes

37
Q

Each antibody binds to a wide variety of antigens

A

False

Each antibody binds to a specific antigen

38
Q

TCRs can only recognize peptides while antibodies can recognize ______

A

whole proteins and viruses

39
Q

Antibodies are membrane bound, what happens when the B cell is activated

A

The antibodies are secreted

40
Q

Each B cells produce highly specific or general antibodies

A

Highly specific

41
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

Heavy chain = constant region

Light chain= variable region - has antigen-binding site

42
Q

Each B cell produces a different antibody. There are ___ different B-cells producing antibodies that recognize different antigens.

A

10^6

43
Q

How do we generate such diversity in B cells?

A

Gene rearrangement
There is recombination of VJ regions by deletion of VJ regions and then translation of the premanetnly rearranged, functional genes

44
Q

What are the 5 different classes of antibodies B-cells secrete?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
45
Q

What is the primary function of IgM?

A 
Neaturalization and agglutination
First class of antibodies produces
46
Q

What is the primary function of IgG?

A

Most abundant
Neutralization and agglutination
Can cross the placenta

47
Q

What is the primary function of IgA?

A

Present in mucus, saliva, breast milk

Localized defense of mucuc membranes

48
Q

What is the primary function of IgE?

A

Triggers histamine release from mast cells - allergic reaction

49
Q

What is the primary function of IgD?

A

Present on unactivated B-cells

Involved in clonal selection

50
Q

What are the 3 ways B cells bring about cell death?

A
  1. Aggregation
  2. Complement-mediated lysis
  3. Cell-mediated lysis
51
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Antibodies have 2 binding sites and a B-cell has multiple membrane bound antibodies so the B cell can bind to many target cells at once, trapping the virus inside all the target cells

52
Q

What is neutralization?

A

When an antibody binds specifically to the glycoprotien that does not allow the virus to bind to its receptor which neutralizes the target cell

An antibody could bind to the capsid protein on the virus and then it would not be neutralizing

53
Q

What is the advantage of having memory B and T cells? (3)

A
  1. They are primed to react quickly upon renewed stimulation by their antigens
  2. The secondary response produces high affinity antibodies in larger quantities
  3. A single infection can make a person immune to the same infection for life
54
Q

Both memory B and T cellc can remain in the body for long periods of time

A

True

55
Q

What is clonal selection of B cells?

A

Once B-cells are activated they either become antigen-secreting plasma cells or long-lived memory cells

The process of creating more memory cells is clonal selection

56
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A

Edward Jenner inoculated a young boy with the pus from a Cowpox sore - creating one of the first WT virus vaccines

57
Q

Who was Lady Mary Wortley?

A

Was visiting the turks and noticed them putting puss under a cut of a healthy individual and it made the person immune to small pox

58
Q

Variolation

A

Stick puss under skin

59
Q

Innoculation

A

Infect with microbiological agent

60
Q

Gradually vaccines became popular, HPV rates drop ___% in decades since CDC recommended vaccination in 2006

A

64%

61
Q

Attenuated Strains

A

Weaker form
Pass the virus in cultured cells or in an animal that is not a natural host, the virus adapts to the new host and becomes weaker

62
Q

Attenuated strains remain similar enough to the original virulent for the body to generate an immune response

A

True

63
Q

What did Pasteur do?

A

Injected a child with rabbit rabies virus (attenuated rabbies virus) so the child wouldn’t get sick with rabies

64
Q

Inactivated Virus

A

Treat virus with a chemical > virus still has glycoprotins but is incapable of replication

65
Q

Adjuvant

A

An irratant included in vaccines that encourages the immune system to come to the sight

66
Q

What does CAVA stand for?

A

Cold Adapted Virus Attnuation

67
Q

What is CAVA?

A

You passage the cells are low temperatures (23-30C) which generates an attenuated virus strand which can not replicate as quickly even when back in standard conditions

68
Q

Live virus vaccines can cause disease if _________ is not sufficient

A

Attenuation

69
Q

Virulent

A

Even more hostile

70
Q

Occasionally attenuated viruses can become virulent by a process of ______

A

reversion

71
Q

Subunit Vaccines

A

Take a small peice of the virus and use it for vaccination

Does not have many of the problems live/attenuated virus vaccines have

72
Q

Recombinant viruses

A

AKA pseudotyping

Get dual immunity of the actual virus and the easier going virus

73
Q

DNA/RNA vaccines are being tested for future use

A

True

74
Q

What is Herd Immunity?

A

If the majority of the population is mostly protected from a disease the chance of a major epidemic is unlikely

75
Q

What are the two ways Herd Immunity if achieved?

A

Majority gets sick

Majority gets vaccinated

76
Q

The percentage of immune people for herd immunity changes virus to virus

A

True

77
Q

Why are zoonotic virus impossible to irradicate?

A

They go and hide in animal species and mutate

78
Q

Vaccines artifically induce a T-cell and B-cell response

A

True

79
Q

How do you test vaccine efficacy?

A

Cellular Studies

  1. Give a person the vaccine
  2. Take a blood sample and isolate the antibody serum
  3. Treat cells with antibodies and then with the virus
  4. Compare cell death in culture treated with antibodies vs control

Virology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions