Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Virology > Exam II: Lecture 4a > Flashcards

Exam II: Lecture 4a Flashcards

1
Q

Define Etiological Agent

A

Origin of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Can viruses be of the same family and present with different symptoms? Can viruses be from different families and present with the same symptoms?

A

Yes and Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define virome

A

A comprehensive survey of viruses in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does a virus have to be causing disease in order to be counted in the virome?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the range of distinct viruses in the stool of a healthy person? (Virome)

A

52-2773

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common cause of emergency room visits for children? How many viruses sequences in plasma samples of sick children? (what is the normal amount?)

A

Fevers caused by unidentifable viruses
10,000 virus sequences
1,000 virus sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define viral load

A

Number of viral particles in a particular virus in your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four patterns of diseases?

A
  1. Acute, non-persistent
  2. Acute followed by persistent
  3. Chronic (latency)
  4. Slow infections (TSEs; transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an acute, non-persistent infection?

A

Viral load spikes quickly and then dissapears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an acute followed by a persistent infection?

A

Viral load spikes quickly and then hovers at a low level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a chronic infection?

A

The viral load spikes a little more slowly and then drops to VERY low levels due to latency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a slow infection?

A

The viral load never spikes, it starts slow and has a small positive slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an example of an acute, non-persistent infection?

A

Flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of an acute followed by persistent infection?

A

HIV

Hep C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an example of a chronic infection?

A

Chicken Pox

Herpes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of a slow infection?

A

TSEs ( transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define latency

A

The virus shuts down gene expression and goes into hiding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some examples of a latent infection?

A

Herpes
Varicella zoster
Epstein-Barr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define shedding

A

How viruses get from one host to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some common routes of viral shedding? (9)

A 
Mucus
Salival
Semen
Feces
Skin abrasions
Breast milk
Cervical secretions
Urine
Viremia (blood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define viremia

A

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What two aspects of a virus help determine the path of shedding?

A
  1. Tropism

2. Structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are different environmental factors that can affect a virus while shedding? Especially a naked virus (4)

A

pH
Temp
Humidity
Organic matter

24
Q

Coronaviruses are responsible for what percentage of the common cold?

25
Q

What diseases do coronavirus cause? (2)

A

Respiratory disease

Enteric diesease

26
Q

How is coronavirus spread?

27
Q

What is the cause of death via coronavirus?

A

Respiratory insufficiency

28
Q

Where did SARS first appear? When? How severe was it?

A

SE Asia
2002
Very severe, killed 775 people in only 6 months

29
Q

What virus causes the swine flu? Where and when did it first appear?

A

H1N1 - Influenza A

Mexico 2009

30
Q

What is the estimated infection rate of the swine flu? How many people did it kill?

A

~20% of the population in 19 countries

Killed ~200,000 people

31
Q

What are the 4 types of rashes a virus can cause?

A
  1. Vesicular
  2. Macular
  3. Maculopapular
  4. Postular
32
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes a macular rash? What can this virus cause?

A

Rubella (German Measles)
Deadly
Cause spontaneous abortion

33
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes vesicular rash?

A

Herpes Simplex virus (HSV-1)

Herpes zoster

34
Q

What is a visible symptom of HSV-1? What triggers it? What can it lead to over time?

A

Cold sore
UV light triggers it
Chicken pox -> latency -> shingles = varicella zoster virus

35
Q

What is the varicella-zoster virus? Symptoms, how long it lasts, treatment, what causes it to reactivate, how is it spread?

A 
Causes chickenpox and shingles
Vesicular rash; painful, itchy
Lasts 3-5 days
Treat with antiviral Acyclovir
Triggers of reactivation are unknown
Spread by physical touch / airborne
36
Q

What is Epstein Barr Virus; what does it cause, symptoms, what can it eventually cause, what is the infection rate, treatment

A 
Maculopapular Rash
Causes infectious mononucleosis
Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands
Virus can go latent in B cells and cause B cell lymphoma
Infects 95% of population
No antiviral drugs or vaccines
37
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes a maculopapular rash?

A

Epstien Barr Virus

38
Q

What is HPV; frequency of infection, symptoms, what can it eventually cause, treatment

A

Occurs in 75% of sexually active women
Causes skin warts/asymptomatic
Eventually can cause cervical cancer
Vaccine for HPV

39
Q

Do all strains of HPV cause cervical cancer?

A

No, only some of them

40
Q

What percentage of women who are infected with HPV develop cervical cancer?

A

8%

10% will develop precancerous lesiouns

41
Q

What is Foot and Mouth Disease; what virus causes it, symptoms, how long does it last, does it affect humans, how does it spread?

A 
Caused by FMDV
positive ssRNA picornavirus
Vesicle formation in hooves and mouth -> erosion
Highly infectious
Last 2-3 years
Cattle quarantined and vaccinated
Spread through direct contact, aerosols
42
Q

What is the difference between HSV1 and HSV2?

A 
HSV1 = blister and genital
HSV2 = genital
43
Q

What is hepatitus C virus; how is it transmitted, what type of infection does it cause, what does it ultimately cause

A

Transmitted via blood
Persistant infection
Death of liver over 10 years
Liver cancer

44
Q

What is the number one cause of liver transplants?

45
Q

What is variola; common name, when did it first appear, when was the US last case, worlds last case?

A

Smallpox
1,000s of years ago
1949
1977

46
Q

Symptoms of variola (smallpox); mode of infection

A

Bumps filled with thick, opaque fluid

Postulates on skin that actively shed virus/airborne = face to face contact or contaminated clothing/bedding

47
Q

What are the two forms of variola (smallpox); symptoms, fatality rate

A
  1. Variola major = rash, high fever, infectious, 30% fatality rate
  2. Variola minor = 1% fatality rate
48
Q

Treatment for smallpox/variola?

A

No cure

ONLY vaccination

49
Q

Talk me through the progression of smallpox

A
  1. Incubation for 7-17 days, noncontagious
  2. High fever, headache, body ache for 2-4 days
  3. Rash on tongue, rash on body, fever gone for 4 days
  4. Pustules for 5 days
  5. Scaabs for 2 weeks after rash appears
  6. Scabs fall off for 6 days
    The person is now noncontagious
50
Q

What are the chances of a reoccurrence of a smallpox epidemic? By what mechanism?

A

Very low

a. Natural orthopox mutation into virus that can cause smallpox-like illness
b. Reintroduction from lab

51
Q

What is Hantavirus; what family, genome type, common name, where is it found, what is the mode of shedding

A 
Sin Nombre virus
Bunyavirus family
negative ss circular RNA
Found in 4 corners area
Persit in dried feces > inhaled into lungs > grow again > fill the lungs with fluid > drown
52
Q

What is Dengue Virus; what animal carries it, was genome type is it

A 
Insect borne (mosquitos)
Flavivirus = cause of dengue hemorrhagic fever
\+ ssRNA
53
Q

What is the duration of incubation in Dengue virus? Symptoms?

A

2-7 days

Generalized myalgia, rash on trunk, soles, palms, severe joint pain for months

54
Q

What are some viruses that are present-day threats (3)

A
  1. Influenza
  2. West Nile Virus
  3. Chikungunya
55
Q

What does Flavi mean?

A

Yellow

Flavivirus = causes jaundice

56
Q

What makes dengue virus unique? What does this have to do with vaccination?

A

It uses antibody assisted entry
So if you survive the first infection, and are infected a second time by a different strain, it will be worse and there is an increased risk of mortality
Vaccination opens up this possibility

Virology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions