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Virology > Exam II: Lecture 4a > Flashcards

Exam II: Lecture 4a Flashcards

1
Q

Define Etiological Agent

A

Origin of the disease

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2
Q

Can viruses be of the same family and present with different symptoms? Can viruses be from different families and present with the same symptoms?

A

Yes and Yes

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3
Q

Define virome

A

A comprehensive survey of viruses in the body

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4
Q

Does a virus have to be causing disease in order to be counted in the virome?

A

No

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5
Q

What is the range of distinct viruses in the stool of a healthy person? (Virome)

A

52-2773

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of emergency room visits for children? How many viruses sequences in plasma samples of sick children? (what is the normal amount?)

A

Fevers caused by unidentifable viruses
10,000 virus sequences
1,000 virus sequences

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7
Q

Define viral load

A

Number of viral particles in a particular virus in your body

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8
Q

What are the four patterns of diseases?

A
  1. Acute, non-persistent
  2. Acute followed by persistent
  3. Chronic (latency)
  4. Slow infections (TSEs; transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)
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9
Q

What is an acute, non-persistent infection?

A

Viral load spikes quickly and then dissapears

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10
Q

What is an acute followed by a persistent infection?

A

Viral load spikes quickly and then hovers at a low level

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11
Q

What is a chronic infection?

A

The viral load spikes a little more slowly and then drops to VERY low levels due to latency

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12
Q

What is a slow infection?

A

The viral load never spikes, it starts slow and has a small positive slope

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13
Q

What is an example of an acute, non-persistent infection?

A

Flu

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14
Q

What is an example of an acute followed by persistent infection?

A

HIV

Hep C

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15
Q

What is an example of a chronic infection?

A

Chicken Pox

Herpes

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16
Q

What is an example of a slow infection?

A

TSEs ( transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

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17
Q

Define latency

A

The virus shuts down gene expression and goes into hiding

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18
Q

What are some examples of a latent infection?

A

Herpes
Varicella zoster
Epstein-Barr

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19
Q

Define shedding

A

How viruses get from one host to another

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20
Q

What are some common routes of viral shedding? (9)

A 
Mucus
Salival
Semen
Feces
Skin abrasions
Breast milk
Cervical secretions
Urine
Viremia (blood)
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21
Q

Define viremia

A

Blood

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22
Q

What two aspects of a virus help determine the path of shedding?

A
  1. Tropism

2. Structure

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23
Q

What are different environmental factors that can affect a virus while shedding? Especially a naked virus (4)

A

pH
Temp
Humidity
Organic matter

24
Q

Coronaviruses are responsible for what percentage of the common cold?

A

30%

25
Q

What diseases do coronavirus cause? (2)

A

Respiratory disease

Enteric diesease

26
Q

How is coronavirus spread?

A

Aerosols

27
Q

What is the cause of death via coronavirus?

A

Respiratory insufficiency

28
Q

Where did SARS first appear? When? How severe was it?

A

SE Asia
2002
Very severe, killed 775 people in only 6 months

29
Q

What virus causes the swine flu? Where and when did it first appear?

A

H1N1 - Influenza A

Mexico 2009

30
Q

What is the estimated infection rate of the swine flu? How many people did it kill?

A

~20% of the population in 19 countries

Killed ~200,000 people

31
Q

What are the 4 types of rashes a virus can cause?

A
  1. Vesicular
  2. Macular
  3. Maculopapular
  4. Postular
32
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes a macular rash? What can this virus cause?

A

Rubella (German Measles)
Deadly
Cause spontaneous abortion

33
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes vesicular rash?

A

Herpes Simplex virus (HSV-1)

Herpes zoster

34
Q

What is a visible symptom of HSV-1? What triggers it? What can it lead to over time?

A

Cold sore
UV light triggers it
Chicken pox -> latency -> shingles = varicella zoster virus

35
Q

What is the varicella-zoster virus? Symptoms, how long it lasts, treatment, what causes it to reactivate, how is it spread?

A 
Causes chickenpox and shingles
Vesicular rash; painful, itchy
Lasts 3-5 days
Treat with antiviral Acyclovir
Triggers of reactivation are unknown
Spread by physical touch / airborne
36
Q

What is Epstein Barr Virus; what does it cause, symptoms, what can it eventually cause, what is the infection rate, treatment

A 
Maculopapular Rash
Causes infectious mononucleosis
Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands
Virus can go latent in B cells and cause B cell lymphoma
Infects 95% of population
No antiviral drugs or vaccines
37
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes a maculopapular rash?

A

Epstien Barr Virus

38
Q

What is HPV; frequency of infection, symptoms, what can it eventually cause, treatment

A

Occurs in 75% of sexually active women
Causes skin warts/asymptomatic
Eventually can cause cervical cancer
Vaccine for HPV

39
Q

Do all strains of HPV cause cervical cancer?

A

No, only some of them

40
Q

What percentage of women who are infected with HPV develop cervical cancer?

A

8%

10% will develop precancerous lesiouns

41
Q

What is Foot and Mouth Disease; what virus causes it, symptoms, how long does it last, does it affect humans, how does it spread?

A 
Caused by FMDV
positive ssRNA picornavirus
Vesicle formation in hooves and mouth -> erosion
Highly infectious
Last 2-3 years
Cattle quarantined and vaccinated
Spread through direct contact, aerosols
42
Q

What is the difference between HSV1 and HSV2?

A 
HSV1 = blister and genital
HSV2 = genital
43
Q

What is hepatitus C virus; how is it transmitted, what type of infection does it cause, what does it ultimately cause

A

Transmitted via blood
Persistant infection
Death of liver over 10 years
Liver cancer

44
Q

What is the number one cause of liver transplants?

A

Hep C

45
Q

What is variola; common name, when did it first appear, when was the US last case, worlds last case?

A

Smallpox
1,000s of years ago
1949
1977

46
Q

Symptoms of variola (smallpox); mode of infection

A

Bumps filled with thick, opaque fluid

Postulates on skin that actively shed virus/airborne = face to face contact or contaminated clothing/bedding

47
Q

What are the two forms of variola (smallpox); symptoms, fatality rate

A
  1. Variola major = rash, high fever, infectious, 30% fatality rate
  2. Variola minor = 1% fatality rate
48
Q

Treatment for smallpox/variola?

A

No cure

ONLY vaccination

49
Q

Talk me through the progression of smallpox

A
  1. Incubation for 7-17 days, noncontagious
  2. High fever, headache, body ache for 2-4 days
  3. Rash on tongue, rash on body, fever gone for 4 days
  4. Pustules for 5 days
  5. Scaabs for 2 weeks after rash appears
  6. Scabs fall off for 6 days
    The person is now noncontagious
50
Q

What are the chances of a reoccurrence of a smallpox epidemic? By what mechanism?

A

Very low

a. Natural orthopox mutation into virus that can cause smallpox-like illness
b. Reintroduction from lab

51
Q

What is Hantavirus; what family, genome type, common name, where is it found, what is the mode of shedding

A 
Sin Nombre virus
Bunyavirus family
negative ss circular RNA
Found in 4 corners area
Persit in dried feces > inhaled into lungs > grow again > fill the lungs with fluid > drown
52
Q

What is Dengue Virus; what animal carries it, was genome type is it

A 
Insect borne (mosquitos)
Flavivirus = cause of dengue hemorrhagic fever
\+ ssRNA
53
Q

What is the duration of incubation in Dengue virus? Symptoms?

A

2-7 days

Generalized myalgia, rash on trunk, soles, palms, severe joint pain for months

54
Q

What are some viruses that are present-day threats (3)

A
  1. Influenza
  2. West Nile Virus
  3. Chikungunya
55
Q

What does Flavi mean?

A

Yellow

Flavivirus = causes jaundice

56
Q

What makes dengue virus unique? What does this have to do with vaccination?

A

It uses antibody assisted entry
So if you survive the first infection, and are infected a second time by a different strain, it will be worse and there is an increased risk of mortality
Vaccination opens up this possibility

Virology (22 decks)

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