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Gross Anatomy > Exam IV - General Information > Flashcards

Exam IV - General Information Flashcards

1
Q

/What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  • Remove water, salts, and products of protein metabolism from the blood
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2
Q

What injury may be mistaken for kidney pain?

A
  • Strained psoas major
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3
Q

What is the name of the vertical fissure on the medial surface of the kidney?

A
  • Hiilum of the kidney
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4
Q

What structures are located within the hilum of the kidney?

A
  • Renal Vein
  • Renal Arter
  • Ureter
  • Autonomic and Sensory Nerves
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5
Q

The structures that enter the hilum of the kidney are collectively known as what?

A
  • Renal Pedicle
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6
Q

How many renal pyramids are included in the renal medulla?

A
  • 8-12
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7
Q

How many renal papillae fit into the minor calices?

A
  • 8-12
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8
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidney?

A
  • Renal Artery
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9
Q

What is drained by the left renal vein?

A
  • Left kidney
  • Suprarenal Gland
  • Gonad
  • Diaphragm
  • Body Wall
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10
Q

The renal plexus is formed by what?

A
  • Celiac Plexus
  • Aortic Plexus
  • Thoracic and Lumbar splanchnic Nerves (mainly least splanchnic)
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11
Q

What is the function of the fat around the kidney?

A
  • Protection
  • Insulation
  • Support
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12
Q

T/F The Ureter is interperitoneal.

A
  • False; it is retroperitoneal
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13
Q

What are the three constrictions where kidney stones may become lodged?

A
  • Ureteropelvic junction
  • Pelvic Brim
  • Where it enters the wall of the bladder
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14
Q

What is the blood supply of the ureter?

A
  • Renal A.
  • Gonadal A.
  • Aorta
  • Common iliac A.
  • Superior Vesical A.
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15
Q

What is the innervation of the ureter?

A
  • Renal Plexus

- Hypogastric Plexus

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16
Q

What part of the suprarenal glands secrete catecholamines?

A
  • Medulla
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17
Q

What part of the suprarenal gland secretes corticosteroids?

A
  • Cortex
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18
Q

What is the medulla of suprarenal gland derived from?

A
  • Neural crest cells (modified sympathetic ganglion)
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19
Q

Which suprarenal gland is pyramidal and which one is semilunar?

A
  • Right - Pyramidal

- Left - Semilunar

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20
Q

What is the blood supply for the suprarenal glands?

A
  • Superior Suprarenal A. (Inferior Phrenic)
  • Middle Suprarenal A. (Aorta)
  • Inferior Suprarenal A. (Renal A.)
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21
Q

Where does each suprarenal gland drain?

A
  • Right - directly into inferior vena cava

- Left - left renal vein

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22
Q

What is the innervation of the suprarenal glands?

A
  • Celiac Plexus
  • Thoracic Splanchnic N.
    (Primarily Sympathetic)
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23
Q

What gland, relative to its size, has the largest autonomic nerve supply of any organ?

A
  • Suprarenal Glands
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24
Q

The right crus of the diaphragm originates from where?

A
  • Upper three lumbar vertebrae

splits to surround the esophagus

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25
Q

The left crus of the diaphragm originates from where?

A
  • Upper two lumbar vertebrae
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26
Q

What connects the the right and left diaphragmatic crux?

A
  • Median Arcuate Ligament (also forms the border of the aortic hiatus)
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27
Q

What connects the body of the 1st lumbar vertebra to the TVP of the 1st lumbar?

A
  • Medial Arcuate Ligament (passes over the psoas major muscle and sympathetic trunk)
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28
Q

What connects the TVP of L1 to rib 12?

A
  • Lateral Arcuate Ligament (passes over puadratus lumborum)
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29
Q

The lumbar plexus is made up of what nerves?

A
  • Anterior primary rami L1-L3 and part of L4
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30
Q

Iliohypogastric Nerve (L1)

A
  • Sensory to the skin covering the pubis and gluteal region
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31
Q

Ilioinguinal Nerve (L1)

A
  • Sensory innervation to the skin of scrotum/labia majora and the thigh
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32
Q

Genitofemoral Nerve (L1,L2)

A
  • Genital Branch: Supplies the cremaster muscle
  • Femoral Branch: Supplies the skin over the femoral triangle
  • Pierces psoas major
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33
Q

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (L2,L3)

A
  • Supplies skin of Ant. and Lat. aspects of thigh

- Travels across iliacus

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34
Q

Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)

A
  • Supplies the muscles and skin of thigh
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35
Q

Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)

A
  • Supplies muscles and skin of medial surface of thigh
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36
Q

Where does the aorta bifurcate?

A
  • Anterior to L4
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37
Q

What are the 4 functions of the pelvis?

A
  • Locomotion
  • Partruition
  • Support of Abdominal Viscera
  • Protection of Pelvic Viscera
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38
Q

Which way does the pelvic cavity project?

A
  • Posteriorly from abdmonal cavity
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39
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet?

A
  • Sacral Promontory
  • Sacral Alae
  • Arcuate Line
  • Pectin Pubis
  • Pubic Crest
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40
Q

T/F The opening itself is the pelvic brim, the border is the pelvic inlet.

A
  • False; the opening is the pelvic inlet, the border is the pelvic brim
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41
Q

What divides the greater and lesser pelvis?

A
  • Pelvic brim
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42
Q

What are the functions of the greater pelvis?

A
  • Support abdominal viscera

- Attachment site for muscles of locomotion

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43
Q

What is contained within the lesser pelvis?

A
  • Lower part of G.I. tract
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Lower part of ureter
  • Internal reproductive organs
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44
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?

A
  • Pubic Symphysis
  • Isciopubic Rami
  • Ischial Tuberosities
  • Sacrotuberous Ligament
  • Tip of the Coccyx
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45
Q

What structures make up the pubic arch?

A
  • Pubic Symphysis
  • Ischiopubic Rami
  • Ischial Tuberosities
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46
Q

Which pelvis type has a long A-P diameter and short transverse diameter?

A
  • Anthropoid Pelvis (some males; 20% females)
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47
Q

What pelvis type has a short A-P diameter and wide transverse?

A
  • Platypelloid Pelvis (rarest; most associated with birthing difficulties)
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48
Q

Which pelvis type has a hear-shaped inlet?

A
  • Android Pelvis (most males; 30% females)
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49
Q

Which pelvis type has an ovoid/round inlet?

A
  • Gynecoid Pelvis (50% females; ideal for childbirth)
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50
Q

Know differences between male/female pelvis.

A
  • Page 155
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51
Q

What are the joints associated with the pelvis?

A
  • Lumbosacral Joint (contains IVD)
  • Sacroiliac Joint (Synovial Joint; Least mobile)
  • Pubic Symphysis (fibrocartilaginous; contains interpubic disc)
  • Sacrococcygeal Joint (contains IVD; often fused)
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52
Q

Sacralization of L5 is a variation of which pelvic joint?

A
  • Lumbosacral Joint
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53
Q

What effect does the hormone relaxin have on pelvic joints?

A
  • The joints become more loose
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54
Q

What is transmitted within the Greater Sciatic Foramen?

A
  • Piriformis
  • Sup. and Inf. Gluteal Vessels and Nerves
  • Internal Pudendal Vessels
  • Pudendal Nerve
  • Sciatic Nerve
  • Post. Cutaneous N. of Thigh
  • N to Obturator Internus
  • N. to Quadratus Femoris
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55
Q

What are the boundaries of the greater sciatic foramen?

A
  • Greater Sciatic Notch
  • Sacrotuberous Lig.
  • Sacrospinous Lig.
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56
Q

What are the boundaries of the lesser sciatic foramen?

A
  • Lesser Sciatic Notch
  • Sacrotuberous Lig.
  • Sacrospinous Lig.
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57
Q

What is transmitted in the lesser sciatic foramen?

A
  • Tendon of the Obturator Internus
  • N. to Obturator Internus
  • Internal Pudendal Vessels
  • Pudendal N.
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58
Q

What is the only structure that passes through the lesser sciatic foramen that doesn’t also pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

A
  • Tendon of the Obturator Internus Muscle
59
Q

What is the bony framework of the lateral pelvic wall?

A
  • Hip bone that lies below the pelvic brim
60
Q

What is the lateral pelvic wall primarily covered by?

A
  • Obturator Internus Muscle

- Obturator Fascia

61
Q

What is the bony framework of the posterior pelvic wall?

A
  • Sacrum and Coccyx
62
Q

What is the posterior pelvic wall primarily covered by?

A
  • Piriformis Muscle

- Coccygeus Muscle

63
Q

What structures make up the pelvic floor?

A
  • Peritoneum

- Pelvic Diaphragm

64
Q

Where does ascites and blood accumulate in the male pelvis?

A
  • Rectovesical Pouch
65
Q

Where does ascites and blood accumulate in the female pelvis?

A
  • Rectouterine pouch
66
Q

Where do ectopic pregnancies usually occur?

A
  • Rectouterine Pouch
67
Q

What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  • Coccygeus

- Levator Ani

68
Q

What are the two openings in the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  • Urogenital Hiatus (transmits urethra and vagina)

- Anal Aperture

69
Q

What is the most posterior part of levator ani?

A
  • Iliococcygeus
70
Q

What is the main part of levator ani?

A
  • Pubococcygeus
71
Q

What forms a sling around the urethra beneath the prostate?

A
  • Puboprostaticus
72
Q

What forms a sling arouund the urethra and vagina?

A
  • Pubovaginalis
73
Q

Which portions of levator ani function in micturition?

A
  • Puboprostaticus and Pubovaginalis
74
Q

What may be affected with sacral misalignment?

A
  • Fecal Continence
  • Partruition
  • Urinary Continence
  • Integrity of Pelvic Floor
75
Q

What are the branches of the external iliac A.?

A
  • Deep Circumflex Iliac A.

- Inferior Epigastric A.

76
Q

The internal iliac A. continues as what below the inguinal lig.?

A
  • Femoral Artery
77
Q

What is the major source of blood to structures within the pelvis?

A
  • Internal Iliac A.
78
Q

What branch of the iliolumbar A. supplies iliacus and ilium?

A
  • Iliac Branch
79
Q

What branch of the iliolumbar A. supplies psoas major and quadratus lumborum?

A
  • Lumbar Branch
80
Q

What artery anastomoses with median sacral artery?

A
  • Lateral Sacral Artery
81
Q

What artery supplies Glute Max?

A
  • Inferior Gluteal A.
82
Q

What artery supplies the muscles of the thigh?

A
  • Obturator A.
83
Q

What artery supplies the inferior part of the bladder, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles?

A
  • Inferior Vesical A.
84
Q

What artery supplies the middle portion of the rectum, prostate, and vagina?

A
  • Middle Rectal A.
85
Q

What other arteries supply structures within the pelvis?

A
  • Gonadal A. (aorta)
  • Superior Rectal A. (inf. mesenteric)
  • Median Sacral A. ( aortic bifurcation)
86
Q

Most pelvic structures drain into the caval system. Which do not?

A
  • Rectum and Anal Canal
87
Q

What structures form the sacral plexus?

A
  • Lumbosacral Trunk (L4,L5)

- Anterior Primary Rami of S1-S4

88
Q

What nerve supplies glute med., glute min., and tensor fasciae latae?

A
  • Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4-S1)
89
Q

Weakness in muscles supplied by superior gluteal nerve results in what?

A
  • Trendelenburg Gait

glute med., glute min., tensor fascia lata

90
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A
  • Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
91
Q

What nerve supplies obturator internus and superior gemellus?

A
  • Nerve to Obturator Internus (L5-S2)
92
Q

What nerve supplies hte quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus?

A
  • Nerve to Quadratus Femoris (L5-S1)
93
Q

What nerve is sensory to part of the gluteal region and perineum?

A
  • Post. Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (S1-S3)
94
Q

Which branches of the sacral plexus supply the pelvis?

A
  • N. to Piriformis (S1,S2) (Piriformis Syndrome)
  • N. to Levator Ani and Coccygeus (S3,S4) ( urinary/fecal incontinence, problems w/ partruition, integrity of pelvic floor)
  • N. to External Anal Sphincter (S4)
  • Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4) (sexual dysfunction)
95
Q

What structures make up the coccygeal plexus?

A
  • Ventral primary rami of S4, S5

- Coccygeal Nerve

96
Q

What is supplied by the coccygeal plexus?

A
  • sacrococcygeal joint
  • coccyx
  • overlying skin
97
Q

How do sympathetic fibers reach the pelvis?

A
  • Downward continuation of sympathetic trunk

- Downward continuation of aortic plexus

98
Q

What is formed by the formation of left and right sympathetic trunks?

A
  • Ganglion Impar
99
Q

What is the continuation of the aortic plexus?

A
  • Superior Hypogastric Plexus
    • Sympathetic fibers from lumbar splanchnic N.
    • Visceral Afferent Fibers
100
Q

What connects the superior hypgastric plexus to the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A
  • Left and Right Hypogastric Nerves
101
Q

What is formed by the union of the hypogastric, pelvic splanchnic, and sacral splanchnic nerves?

A
  • Left and Right Inferior Hypogastric Plexuses
102
Q

What is contained within the pelvic plexuses?

A
  • Sympathetic Fibers
  • Parasympathetic Fibers
  • Visceral Afferent fibers
103
Q

The inferior hypogastric plexuses give rise to what?

A
  • Subsidiary plexuses (supply pelvic viscera)
104
Q

What preganglionic sympathetic nerves arise from the sympathetic trunk and synapse in the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A
  • Sacral Splanchnic Nerves
105
Q

What parasympathetic nerves arise from S2-S4?

A
  • Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
106
Q

What is the upper limit of the rectum?

A
  • Rectosigmoid Junction
107
Q

What is the lower limit of the rectum?

A
  • Anorectal Junction
108
Q

T/F The rectum has no mesentery, omental appendices, or haustra.

A

True

109
Q

What is the peritoneal covering of the rectum?

A
  • Upper third: covers front and sides
  • Middle third: covers front
  • Lower third: no covering
110
Q

Where does one get anal hemorroids?

A
  • Anal Columns (5-10 longitudinal folds)
111
Q

What connect the lower ends of the anal columns?

A
  • Anal Valves
112
Q

What are the recesses between the anal valves and wall of the anal canal?

A
  • Anal Sinuses (assist with lubrication)
113
Q

What marks the lower limit of the anal valves around the circumference of the anal canal?

A
  • Pectinate Line
114
Q

What is the continuation of smooth muscle layer below the pelvic diaphragm under involuntary control?

A
  • Internal Anal Sphincter
115
Q

What is the blood supply of the rectum and anal canal?

A
  • Superior Rectal A.
  • Middle Rectal A.
  • Inferior Rectal A.
  • Median Sacral A.
116
Q

Know the differences between tissue above and below pectinate line.

A

Page 167

117
Q

Know the mechanism of defecation.

A

Page 167

118
Q

T/F When the bladder is full, it lies entirely within the pelvis.

A

False; it does when it’s empty; may rise to the umbilicus when full

119
Q

What forms the apex of the bladder?

A
  • Superior and inferolateral surfaces
120
Q

What forms the neck of the bladder?

A
  • inferolateral surfaces and fundus
121
Q

Where is the retropubic fat pad located?

A
  • Retropubic Space
122
Q

What attaches the prostate gland to the pubis?

A
  • Puboprostatic Lig.
123
Q

What attaches the base of the bladder to the rectovesical/rectouterine fold?

A
  • Lateral Lig. of the Bladder
124
Q

What is located on the posterior and inferior wall of the bladder?

A
  • Trigone
125
Q

What marks the openings of the trigone?

A
  • Internal Urethral Orifice

- Two Ureteric Orifices

126
Q

What is formed when the ureter travels obliquely through the bladder wall?

A
  • Flap Valve
127
Q

What is the median ridge which extends above and behind the internal urethral orifice?

A
  • Uvula of Bladder
128
Q

What is the smooth muscle that lies within the wall of the bladder?

A
  • Detrusor Muscle
129
Q

What is the blood supply of the bladder?

A
  • Superior Vesical A.
  • Inferior Vesical A.
  • Vaginal A.
130
Q

What blood vessels drain the bladder?

A
  • Prostatic/Vesical plexus
131
Q

What is the innervation of the bladder?

A
  • Sympathetic: lower 3 T and upper 2 L

- Parasympathetic: Pelvic Splanchnic N. (S2-S4)

132
Q

Know the Mechanism of Micturition.

A

Page 170

133
Q

What is the innervation of the ductus deferens?

A
  • Sup. and Inf. Hypogastric Plexus
134
Q

What glandular structures lie lateral to the ampullae of the ductus deferens?

A
  • Seminal Vesicles
135
Q

The seminal vesicles join the ductus deferense to form what?

A
  • Ejaculatory Ducts
136
Q

What is produced within the seminal vesicles?

A
  • Alkaline component of semen
137
Q

T/F The Seminal Vesicles store sperm.

A

False

138
Q

What is the innervation of the seminal vesicles?

A
  • Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
139
Q

What makes up the ejaculatory duct?

A
  • Ductus Deferens

- Duct of Seminal Vesicle

140
Q

What is the blood suppy to the ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct?

A
  • A. to the ductus deferens
  • Inferior Vesical A. (most important)
  • Middle Rectal A.
141
Q

Where do the ejaculatory ducts and prostatic utricle open?

A
  • Seminal Colliculus
142
Q

What receives the ducts of the prostate gland?

A
  • Prostatic Sinus
143
Q

What is the blood supply to the prostate gland?

A
  • Inferior Vesical A.
  • Middle Rectal A.
  • Internal Pudendal A.
144
Q

What is the innervation of the prostate gland?

A
  • Prostatic Plexus (Inferior Hypogastric Plexus)

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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