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Gross Anatomy > Exam II - General Information > Flashcards

Exam II - General Information Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 cartilages of the Larynx?

A 
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottic
Arytenoid
Cuneiform
Corniculate
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2
Q

What joint allows rotation of the thyroid cartilage around a horizontal axis?

A

Cricothyroid Joint

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3
Q

What pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

Internal Laryngeal Nerve and Superior Laryngeal Vessels

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4
Q

What is the true vibratory part of the vocal cord?

A

Vocal Ligament/Fold

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5
Q

The superior margin of the quadrangular membrane forms ______, while the inferior margin forms ______.

A

Aryepiglottic ligament; Vestibular ligament

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6
Q

What initiates the cough reflex?

A

Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)

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7
Q

What is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity?

A

Rima Glottidis

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8
Q

What is the sound producing part of the larynx?

A

The Glottis (rima glottidis + vocal folds)

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9
Q

What is the “oil can” of the vocal folds?

A

Laryngeal Succule

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10
Q

What are the elevators of the larynx?

A 
Thyrohyoid
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
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11
Q

What are the depressors of the larynx?

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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12
Q

What is the only muscle of the larynx NOT innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Cricothyroid (External Laryngeal Nerve)

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13
Q

What muscle raises the pitch of the voice?

A

Cricothyroid Muscle

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14
Q

What is the muscle of whispering?

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

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15
Q

What are the muscles of coughing?

A

Transverse Arytenoid and Oblique Arytenoid

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16
Q

What muscle closes the laryngeal inlet?

A

Aryepiglottic Muscle

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17
Q

What muscle opens the laryngeal inlet?

A

Thyroepiglottic Muscle

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18
Q

What muscle lowers the pitch of the voice?

A

Thyroarytenoid Muscle

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19
Q

What muscle is responsible for fine-tuning the voice?

A

Vocalis Muscle

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20
Q

Tension of the vocal folds is ______ to raise the pitch, and ______ to lower the pitch.

A

Increased (Cricothyroid); Decreased (Thyroarytenoid and Vocalis)

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21
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is motor to ______ and sensory to ______.

A

all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; mucosa of the larynx below the vocal fold

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22
Q

The internal laryngeal nerve is a branch of ______, and is sensory to ______.

A

Superior laryngeal nerve; mucosa of the larynx above the vocal fold

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23
Q

The external laryngeal nerve is a branch of ______, and is motor to ______ and sensory to ______.

A

Superior laryngeal nerve; cricothyroid; inferior constrictor muscle

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24
Q

What is the blood supply of the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal artery (from superior thyroid) and Inferior laryngeal artery (from inferior thyroid)

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25
Q

______ lymph vessels drain lymph TO a node, while ______ lymph vessels drain lymph FROM a node.

A

Afferent; Efferent

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26
Q

How is lymph moved?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

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27
Q

What are the superficial lymph nodes of the head?

A

Occipital
Mastoid
Parotid

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28
Q

What are the superficial lymph nodes of the neck?

A

Submandibular
Submental
Anterior Cervical
Superficial Cervical

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29
Q

Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes found?

A

Inside the carotid sheath

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30
Q

What lymph nodes drain the tongue?

A

Jugulodigastric and Jugulo-omohyoid nodes

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31
Q

Where does the right jugular trunk drain into?

A

The junction between the internal jugular and subclavian veins

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32
Q

Where does the left jugular trunk drain into?

A

The thoracic duct

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33
Q

What lymph node drains the lower lip, the floor of the mouth, and the tip of the tongue?

A

Submental Node

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34
Q

What lymph node drains the cheek, the side of the nose, the upper lip, lateral part of the lower lip, gums, and margin of the tongue?

A

Submandibular Node

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35
Q

What is the term that describes the spread of cancer via the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphogenous Metastasis

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36
Q

The breast is derived from what embryonic tissue?

A

Epidermis

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37
Q

The breast is located between which ribs?

A

2 and 6

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38
Q

What rib level is the nipple usually found?

A

4th intercostal space

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39
Q

What part of the breast is the most common developmental site for cancer?

A

Axillary tail

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40
Q

T/F) Each mammary gland has one lob of glandular tissue.

A

Fale (15-20 lobes each)

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41
Q

What is the blood supply of the breast?

A

Internal thoracic artery
Thoracoacromial artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Intercostal arteries

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42
Q

75% of breast lymph drains into what lymph nodes?

A

Axillary Nodes

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43
Q

The body of the sternum articulates with which rib cartilages?

A

2nd - 7th rib

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44
Q

What makes up the sternal angle? What V.L. is it found?

A

Manubrium and Body; TV 4 & 5

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45
Q

What are the boundaries of the Superior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Inlet)?

A

Manubrium, 1st Rib, 1st T vertebra

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46
Q

What are the boundaries of the Inferior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Outlet)?

A 
Xiphoid Process
Costal Margin
12th Rib
Distal End of 11th Rib
12th Thoracic Vertebra
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47
Q

What muscles are used for inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and External Intercostals

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48
Q

What muscles are used for forced expiration?

A

Internal Intercostals, Innermost Intercostals, Subcostalis, Transverse Thoracis

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49
Q

What are the branches of the Internal Thoracic Artery?

A

Pericardiacophrenic A., Anterior Intercostal A., Musculophrenic A., Superior Epigastric A.

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50
Q

What supplies the anterior aspect of the thoracic wall?

A

Internal Thoracic Artery and its branches

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51
Q

What supplies the posterior aspect of the thoracic wall?

A

Supreme (Superior) Intercostal A., 3rd-11th Posterior Intercostal A., Subcostal A.

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52
Q

What drains the anterior aspect of the thoracic wall?

A

Internal Thoracic Vein

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53
Q

What is the thickening of the fascia over the apex of the lung called?

A

Suprapleural membrane

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54
Q

What prevents the innermost intercostal muscle from rubbing against the parietal pleura?

A

Endothoracic Fascia

55
Q

What structures are found between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal Vein, Artery, and Nerve

56
Q

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?

A

Costal, Mediastinal, Cervical, and Diaphragmatic

57
Q

T/F) Biopsies are usually done in the costomediastinal recess?

A

False; they are done in the costodiaphragmatic recess

58
Q

What is the procedure called where fluid in the costodiaphragmatic recess is removed? What level is it done at?

A

Thoracentesis; Intercostal Space 9

59
Q

What is the blood supply of the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal A., Internal Thoracic A., Superior Phrenic A.

60
Q

What is the blood supply of the visceral pleura?

A

Bronchial A.

61
Q

What is the innervation of the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal N., Subcostal N., Phrenic N.

62
Q

What is the innervation of the visceral pleura?

63
Q

The sternal angle indicates the level of what structures?

A 
Inf. & Sup. Mediastinum Boundary
Articulation of 2nd Rib w/ sternum
Aortic Arch
Bifurcation of the trachea
Upper Border of the pulmonary trunk
64
Q

What things are found in the Superior Mediastinum?

A 
Superior Vena Cava
R/L Brachiocephalic Veins
Arch of the Aorta and its branches
Thoracic Duct
Trachea
Esophagus
Thymus
Vagus Nerve
Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Phrenic Nerve
65
Q

What is found in the Anterior Mediastinum?

A

Thymus
Lymph nodes
Sternopericardial ligaments

66
Q

What is found in the Middle Mediastinum?

A 
Heart
Pericardium
Roots of the Great Vessels
Main Bronchi
Phrenic Nerve
67
Q

What is found in the Posterior Mediastinum?

A 
Esophagus
Thoracic Aorta
Azygos Vein
Hemiazygos Vein
Thoracic Duct
Vagus Nerve
Splanchnic Nerve
68
Q

What is the name of the prominent ridge located within the trachea at its bifurcation?

A

The Carina

69
Q

The trachea deviates to the ______ just before bifurcation.

70
Q

T/F) The Right Main Bronchus splits into the Superior, Middle, and Inferior Lobar Bronchi within the hilum.

A

False; It gives off the Superior Lobar Bronchus BEFORE entering the hilum

71
Q

What is the blood supply to the trachea?

A

Inferior Thyroid A. and Bronchial A.

72
Q

What is the innervation of the trachea?

A

Vagus N. (Pain & Parasympathetic) and Sympathetic Trunk

73
Q

What structures form the root of the lung?

A 
Bronchi
Pulmonary Vessels ( Pulmonary Arteries & Veins)
Bronchial Vessels
Nerves
Lymphatics
74
Q

What is the double-layered pleura membrane called?

A

Pulmonary Ligament

75
Q

T/F) Grooves and Impressions in the lungs are not found in living individuals.

76
Q

T/F) Sympathetic activation produces bronchial constriction and vasodilation and increases glandular secretion.

A

False; bronchial dilation, vasoconstriction, decrease glandular secretion

77
Q

Where does lymph from the lungs drain?

A

Pulmonary and Bronchopulmonary Nodes

78
Q

What separates the thorax from the abdomen?

A

The Diaphragm

79
Q

What are the 3 points of origin of the muscular part of the diaphragm?

A

Xiphoid process, lower 6 costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae 1-3

80
Q

What vertebral level is the Caval Opening located? What passes through it?

A

TV 8; Inferior Vena Cava and Phrenic Nerve

81
Q

What vertebral level is the Esophageal Hiatus? What passes through it?

A

TV 10; Esophagus (not firmly attached) and Posterior Vagal Trunk

82
Q

What vertebral level is the Aortic Hhiatus? What passes through it?

A

TV 12; Aorta, Thoracic Duct, and Azygos Vein

83
Q

What is the blood supply to the diaphragm?

A

Musculophrenic A.
Pericardiacophrenic A.
Superior Phrenic A.
Inferior Phrenic A.

84
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

A 
Phrenic Nerve (Motor to whole; sensory to central part)
Intercostal Nerve (sensory to peripheral part)
85
Q

What movement increases the vertical diameter of the thorax?

A

Piston Movement (contraction of the diaphragm)

86
Q

What movement increases transverse diameter of the thorax?

A

Bucket Handle Movement (elevation of the lower ribs)

87
Q

What movement increases the antero-posterior diameter of the thorax?

A

Pump Handle Movement (elevation of the upper ribs)

88
Q

What are the 4 morbid causes of hiccups?

A

Brain Lesions
Pleuritis
Pericarditis
Peritonitis

89
Q

What connects the fibrous pericardium to the back of the sternum?

A

Sternopericardial Ligaments

90
Q

What is the blood supply to the pericardium?

A

Pericardiacophrenic A. (most important)
Bronchial A.
Esophageal A.
Coronary A.

91
Q

List the chambers of the heart in order of greatest wall thickness greatest to least.

A

Left V. > Right V. > Left A. > Right A.

92
Q

What produces the “Lub” sound upon auscultation?

A

Contraction of the Ventricles and closure of bicuspid and tricuspid valves

93
Q

What produces the “Dub” sound?

A

Closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves

94
Q

What is the most frequently and 2nd most frequently diseased valve?

A

Mitral, then Aortic

95
Q

What are the auscultation points for each valve?

A

Pulmonary Valve - left 2nd intercostal space
Aortic Valve - right 2nd intercostal space
Mitral Valve - left 5th intercostal space at midclavicular
line
Tricuspid Valve - left 5th intercostal space at its border
with the sternum

96
Q

What marks the termination of the pectinate muscles and separates the right atrium proper from the sinus of venae cavae?

A

Crista Terminalis

97
Q

What heart structure represents the embryonic sinus venosus?

A

Sinus of Venae Cavae (Sinus Venarum)

98
Q

What heart structure is the remnant of the foramen ovale?

A

Fossa Ovalis

99
Q

What are the 4 parts of the septal wall?

A

Interatrial Septum
Atrioventricular Septum
Membranous Interventricular Septum
Muscular Interventricular Septum

100
Q

What part of the septum do defects occur?

A

Interatrial Septum

101
Q

T/F) Pulmonary and Aortic valves contain chordae tendineae and papillary muscle.

A

False; they contain neither

102
Q

The pulmonary and aortic valves are sometimes called ______.

A

Semilunar Valves

103
Q

What are the 3 parts of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Fibrous Rings
L/R Fibrous Trigones
Membranous part of septal wall

104
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery

A

Sinuatrial Nodal A.
Right Marginal A.
Posterior Interventricular A.

105
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Anterior Interventricular A.
Circumflex A.
Left Marginal A.

106
Q

Which coronary artery is dominant?

A

Right in 70%

Left in 30%

107
Q

What is supplied by the right coronary artery?

A 
Right Atrium
Most of Right Ventricle
Diaphragmatic surface of left ventricle
Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum
Conduction system (most important)
108
Q

What is supplied by the left coronary artery?

A

Left Atrium
Most of Left Ventricle
Part of Right Ventricle
Ant. 2/3 of interventricular septum

109
Q

Where do anastomosies typically occur?

A

Right coronary & Circumflex A.

Ant. & Post. interventricular A.

110
Q

What is the largest vein in the heart?

A

Coronary Sinus

111
Q

What are the 5 tributaries of the coronary sinus?

A 
Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac Vein
Posterior Vein of the Lft. Ventricle
Oblique Vein of the Lft. Atrium
112
Q

What is the smallest vein in the heart?

A

Venae Cordis Minimae

113
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation come from?

A

Cervical and Thoracic cardiac nerves from T1-4

114
Q

Outline the conduction system of the heart.

A

SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> R/L bundle branches -> Perkinje Fibers

115
Q

What is the remnant of the embryonic ductus arteriosus?

A

Ligamentum Arteriorsum

116
Q

What part of the esophagus is the longest?

A

The thoracic part

117
Q

Where does esophagus begin?

118
Q

Where does the esophagus join the stomach?

A

TV 10 at the cardioesophageal junction

119
Q

What is the superior esophageal sphincter also called?

A

Cricopharyngeus

120
Q

What is the blood supply to the esophagus?

A 
Inferior Thyroid A.
Bronchial A.
Esophageal A.
Left Gastric A.
Inferior Phrenic A.
121
Q

What is the venous drainage of the esophagus?

A

Esophageal V.

Left Gastric V.

122
Q

Where does the thoracic aorta begin?

123
Q

Where does the thoracic aorta turn into the abdominal aorta?

124
Q

What are the parietal branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

3rd - 11th Intercostal A.
Subcostal A.
Superior Phrenic A.

125
Q

What are the visceral branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

Bronchial A.
Pericardial A.
Mediastinal A.
Esophageal A.

126
Q

What is the junction of intestinal, lumbar, and descending intercostal trunks called?

A

Cisterna Chyli

127
Q

The thoracic duct drains the lymph of the entire body except what?

A

Right upper extremity
Right thoracic cavity
Right side of the head and neck

128
Q

What is the variation of the phrenic nerve that arises from C5?

A

Accessory Phrenic Nerve

129
Q

Where are the cell bodies of gray rami communicantes located?

A

In the sympathetic trunk

130
Q

Where are the cell bodies of white rami communicantes located?

A

Lateral horn of spinal cord from T1-L2

131
Q

What is the fusion of the inferior cervical and the first thoracic ganglion called?

A

Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

132
Q

What are the levels of each splanchnic nerve?

A

Greater Splanchnic Nerve - T5-T9
Lesser Splanchnic Nerve - T10-T11
Least Splanchnic Nerve - T12

133
Q

What nerve forms the esophageal plexus?

A

Vagus Nerve

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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