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Gross Anatomy > Exam III - Clinical Aspects > Flashcards

Exam III - Clinical Aspects Flashcards

1
Q

Extravasation of Urine

A
  • rupture of the spongy urethra allows accumulation of urine between Scarpa’s Fascia and Deep Fascia
  • almost exclusive to males
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2
Q

Cryptorchidism

A
  • Testes are undescended at birth (3% fullterm; 30% premature)
  • Undescended testes are most commonly found in the inguinal canal (usually unilateral)
  • Usually descend in the first few weeks or months
  • Increases risk of testicular cancer due to compression
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3
Q

Peristalsis

A

Propulsive movement of the gut; contractile ring appears and moves distally

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4
Q

Reverse Peristalsis

A

Occurs in vomiting

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5
Q

Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

A
  • Tumor-like increase in the size of the pyloric sphincter, reducing the size of the pyloric canal
  • Results in projectile vomiting
  • May be present at birth
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6
Q

Pylorospasm

A
  • Spasmodic contraction of pyloric sphincter
  • Sometimes present in infants
  • Food does not pass easily from stomach to duodenum
  • Subluxations in T5-T9 may play a role
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7
Q

Gastric Ulcer

A
  • A crater like depression in the mucosa of the stomach
  • Inadequate covering of stomach wall by alkaline mucus
  • Subluxations of T5-T9 may play a role
  • Secretion of gastric acid is controlled by Vagus Nerve
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8
Q

What causes gastric ulcers?

A

Excess acid secretion (stress)

Inadequate Mucus Barrier (presence of bacteria)

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9
Q

Duodenal Ulcer

A
  • Mucosa in duodenum is eroded to form a crater-like depression, most commonly found in duodenal cap
  • May affect liver, pancreas, and gall bladder, as well as gastroduodenal artery
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10
Q

Outline the path fluid travels from a perforated duodenal ulcer.

A

Subhepatic recess -> right paracholic gutter -> Iliac fossa

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11
Q

Ileal (Meckel’s) Diverticulum

A
  • Malformation of digestive tract
  • Remnant of a portion of the embryonic vitelline duct
  • Finger-like pouch which projects from distal ileum
  • May become inflamed, mimicking appendicitis
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12
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A
  • Inflammatory bowel disease which most commonly affects the distal ileum and adjacent colon
  • Affects ALL layers of intestine
  • Results in pain, diarrhea, and malabsorption
  • Produces a “cobblestone” radiographic appearance
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13
Q

Appendicitis

A
  • Inflammation of the appendix

- Symptoms usually begin as umbilical pain, localizing to the right lower quadrant

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14
Q

What is the most common intra-abdominal inflammatory condition?

A

Appendicitis

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15
Q

What causes appendicitis?

A

lymphoid hyperplasia

fecal compaction

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16
Q

Diverticulosis

A
  • Herniations of the mucosa of the colon through the muscular layer
  • MC in individuals over 40 yrs,
  • Radiographically, characterized by numerous outpouchings along the colon
17
Q

Where does divertulosis most commonly appear?

A

sigmoid colon

18
Q

T/F) Diverticulosis contains inflammation.

A

False. (osis = no inflam)

19
Q

Ulerative Colitis

A
  • Sever inflammation and ulceration of the rectum and lower colon
  • Restricted to mucosa
  • Bowel perforation may occur
20
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A
  • Recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea with no inflam or deterioration in health
21
Q

What may be caused by chronic constipation?

A

Hiatal hernias, inguinal hernias, diverticulitis, colon cancer

22
Q

What is the most common organ, outside of gut, for metastasis of colon cancer?

A

Liver

23
Q

Cirrhosis of the Liver

A
  • Destruction of hepatic cells and their replacement by fibrous tissues and fat
24
Q

Compression of what leads to portal hypertension?

A

Porta Hepatis

25
Q

What are some causes of liver cirrhosis?

A

Alcoholism, Hepatitis, Chronic obstruction of bile duct, CHF

26
Q

Portal Hypertension

A
  • Abnormal elevation of pressure within the portal system

- Blood backs up into the caval system where anastomoses appear

27
Q

T/F) The portal system has no valves.

A

True

28
Q

Gallstones

A
  • Hard masses formed by the solidification of bile constituents, mainly cholesterol crystals
  • Commonly block the hepatopancreatic ampulla, creating a backup of bile
29
Q

What are some risk factors for gallstones?

A

Being female, Obesity, Pregnancy, high fat diet

30
Q

Where will the gallbladder refer pain?

A

lower thoracic spinal cord segments (T8-T11)
right upper quadrant of the abdomen
Right subscapular region of back

31
Q

Forceful compression of the abdomen can rupture what organ?

A

Pancreas

32
Q

Where does the pancreas refer pain?

A

Lower thoracic segments (head - right vertebral column; body and tail - left vertebral column)

33
Q

What is the most frequently injured abdominal organ?

A

Spleen

34
Q

Rupture of the spleen often results in what?

A

severe hemorrhage and shock

35
Q

The spleen becomes fragile in what conditions?

A

Mononucleosis (MC), Malaria, Sickle-cell anemia, Septocemia (blood poisoning)

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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