Exam IV (Final) Flashcards
The 4 Principles of logical proof are?:
a) __________
b) __________
c) __________
d) __________
a) a priori thinking
b) Definition
c) Induction
d) Deduction,
Apriori means:________________________. This refers to the _____________ and/or _____________of both the rhetor and the audience and they are not typically ______________.
Apriori means: “from the one before” or before the fact
assumptions and/or presuppositions
not typically argued
Saying that “our presuppositions influence our way of thinking” refers to ______________.
The point is that if your believing is __________, you are predisposed to see things ____________ but if your believing is __________, you are more likely to ___________________.
a priori thinking
in error…….in error
in truth………see things that your eyes would not have otherwise seen
Discuss these examples of Apriori:
o Nature vs. Nuture - ___
o Men & Women - ___
o Aristophanes: “Worl is king” - ___
o Nature vs. Nuture - Assuming that either were you born that way or is it in your upbringing/environment that is responsible
o Men & Women -
Have very different presuppositions
o Aristophanes: “Worl is king” -
“Chaos will reign because God (Zeus) is dead” implies that if your presupposition is that there is no God you can do whatever you want – i.e. there are no moral requirements
In contemporary times we ask the questions ______ and ______ NOT _____ as in medieval times
“WHAT” and “HOW” NOT “WHY”
Considering apriori thinking, we must not assume that our audience shares the same __________.
ASSUMPTIONS!
*** Corbett says that “An Essential Definition is one that designates ____________ and distinguishes __________”.
that which makes a thing what it is
and distinguishes that thing from all other things”
_________ is IMPORTANT in definition
PRECISION
*** When Humpty Dumpty says “It is not which meaning but which is to be the ‘master’” to Alice, he means that ______________.
it is important WHO becomes the master of the definition that counts in how the argument proceeeds
SOURCE??? - “We need to define our terms”
Voltaire and Plato
Three Implications of definition for Rhetoric are:
- It is important to __________
- Being sensitive to __________
- Recognizing who has power to __________
1. It is important to be the one who sets the definition first 2. Being sensitive to the audience’s definition of a term 3. Recognizing who has power to construct or alter definitions
Many rhetorical events are about exercising the power to get others to agree with ______
your definition of terms
What were the posters doing that were viewed in class? Can you think of some examples of exactly how this was done?
Setting or effecting a definition
*** Cederbaum & Paulson discussed the Dilemma of our times with “expertise” in which there is so much information and specialization it is hard for us NOT to _______________.
rely on experts for definition. ..so who
Because there is so much information and specialization today, we are tempted to take the route of “Relativeism” or a “True Believer.” Explain these terms.
- Relativism – saying that one opinion is as good as another.
- The “True Believer” – the comfort of standing on a single, understandable doctrine but it may NOT be true for the situation at hand
INDUCTION - Give 2 definitions:
1. Standard Definition
2. Spencer Definition
(the second definition EMPHASIZES the RELATIONSHIP between ______ and _____ such that the ________moves beyond the ___________ which only offer _____________.
- Standard Definition:
Reasoning going from specific to general - Spencer Definition: Reasoning in which the conclusion moves BEYOND the premises and the premises only offer SUPPORT for the conclusion
the conclusion and the premises
conclusion moves beyond and the premises ONLY offer support…
DEDUCTION - Give 2 definitions:
- Standard Definition
- Spencer Definition
- Standard Definition:
Reasoning going from general to specific - Spencer Definition:
When the conclusion is drawn out of the premises and the premises purport to guarantee the conclusion
RHETORICAL FORM OF INDUCTION is __________.
the EXAMPLE
In Dialectic form, the method is to ____________ – Dialectic is all about ____!
think of every example that you can
NUMBERS!
Unlike Dialectic form, in Rhetoric, we do not want to
(a) _____________ because (b) ___________, so instead you must (c) ____________.
(a) think of every example that you can
(b) it bores the audience
(c) choose examples that are representative and good
In Rhetorical Induction, the TESTS for examples are:
- _________
- _________
- _________
- Is it RELAVENT?
- Is there a REASONABLE NUMBER of examples?
- Are the examples REPRESENTATIVE?
The difference between Induction and Deduction is in the RELATIONSHIP between the premises and conclusion.
In Induction _____.
In Deduction _____.
INDUCTION:
The CONCLUSION MOVES BEYOND the PREMISES and the premises only offer SUPPORT for the conclusion
DEDUCTION:
The CONCLUSION IS DRAWN OUT OF THE PREMISES and the premises purport to guarantee the conclusion
The way deduction worksis that:
If you accept my premises, you must _____ or _____.
accept my conclusion or be called illogical
If the words _____or ________ are in the premise, it is probably going from _______ to ______ and thus it is probably a Deductive Argument.
“ALL” or “MOST”
general to specific
