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Rhet (Com 101) > Exam IV (Final) > Flashcards

Exam IV (Final) Flashcards

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1
Q

The 4 Principles of logical proof are?:

a) __________
b) __________
c) __________
d) __________

A

a) a priori thinking
b) Definition
c) Induction
d) Deduction,

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2
Q

Apriori means:________________________. This refers to the _____________ and/or _____________of both the rhetor and the audience and they are not typically ______________.

A

Apriori means: “from the one before” or before the fact
assumptions and/or presuppositions
not typically argued

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3
Q

Saying that “our presuppositions influence our way of thinking” refers to ______________.
The point is that if your believing is __________, you are predisposed to see things ____________ but if your believing is __________, you are more likely to ___________________.

A

a priori thinking
in error…….in error
in truth………see things that your eyes would not have otherwise seen

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4
Q

Discuss these examples of Apriori:
o Nature vs. Nuture - ___
o Men & Women - ___
o Aristophanes: “Worl is king” - ___

A

o Nature vs. Nuture - Assuming that either were you born that way or is it in your upbringing/environment that is responsible
o Men & Women -
Have very different presuppositions
o Aristophanes: “Worl is king” -
“Chaos will reign because God (Zeus) is dead” implies that if your presupposition is that there is no God you can do whatever you want – i.e. there are no moral requirements

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5
Q

In contemporary times we ask the questions ______ and ______ NOT _____ as in medieval times

A

“WHAT” and “HOW” NOT “WHY”

more on this later

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6
Q

Considering apriori thinking, we must not assume that our audience shares the same __________.

A

ASSUMPTIONS!

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7
Q

*** Corbett says that “An Essential Definition is one that designates ____________ and distinguishes __________”.

A

that which makes a thing what it is

and distinguishes that thing from all other things”

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8
Q

_________ is IMPORTANT in definition

A

PRECISION

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9
Q

*** When Humpty Dumpty says “It is not which meaning but which is to be the ‘master’” to Alice, he means that ______________.

A

it is important WHO becomes the master of the definition that counts in how the argument proceeeds

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10
Q

SOURCE??? - “We need to define our terms”

A

Voltaire and Plato

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11
Q

Three Implications of definition for Rhetoric are:

  1. It is important to __________
  2. Being sensitive to __________
  3. Recognizing who has power to __________
A 
1.	It is important to 
be the one who sets the definition first
2.	Being sensitive to 
the audience’s definition of a term
3.	Recognizing who has power to construct or alter definitions
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12
Q

Many rhetorical events are about exercising the power to get others to agree with ______

A

your definition of terms

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13
Q

What were the posters doing that were viewed in class? Can you think of some examples of exactly how this was done?

A

Setting or effecting a definition

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14
Q

*** Cederbaum & Paulson discussed the Dilemma of our times with “expertise” in which there is so much information and specialization it is hard for us NOT to _______________.

A

rely on experts for definition. ..so who

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15
Q

Because there is so much information and specialization today, we are tempted to take the route of “Relativeism” or a “True Believer.” Explain these terms.

A
  1. Relativism – saying that one opinion is as good as another.
  2. The “True Believer” – the comfort of standing on a single, understandable doctrine but it may NOT be true for the situation at hand
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16
Q

INDUCTION - Give 2 definitions:
1. Standard Definition
2. Spencer Definition
(the second definition EMPHASIZES the RELATIONSHIP between ______ and _____ such that the ________moves beyond the ___________ which only offer _____________.

A
  1. Standard Definition:
    Reasoning going from specific to general
  2. Spencer Definition: Reasoning in which the conclusion moves BEYOND the premises and the premises only offer SUPPORT for the conclusion

the conclusion and the premises

conclusion moves beyond and the premises ONLY offer support…

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17
Q

DEDUCTION - Give 2 definitions:

  1. Standard Definition
  2. Spencer Definition
A
  1. Standard Definition:
    Reasoning going from general to specific
  2. Spencer Definition:
    When the conclusion is drawn out of the premises and the premises purport to guarantee the conclusion
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18
Q

RHETORICAL FORM OF INDUCTION is __________.

A

the EXAMPLE

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19
Q

In Dialectic form, the method is to ____________ – Dialectic is all about ____!

A

think of every example that you can

NUMBERS!

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20
Q

Unlike Dialectic form, in Rhetoric, we do not want to

(a) _____________ because (b) ___________, so instead you must (c) ____________.

A

(a) think of every example that you can
(b) it bores the audience
(c) choose examples that are representative and good

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21
Q

In Rhetorical Induction, the TESTS for examples are:

  1. _________
  2. _________
  3. _________
A
  1. Is it RELAVENT?
  2. Is there a REASONABLE NUMBER of examples?
  3. Are the examples REPRESENTATIVE?
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22
Q

The difference between Induction and Deduction is in the RELATIONSHIP between the premises and conclusion.

In Induction _____.

In Deduction _____.

A

INDUCTION:
The CONCLUSION MOVES BEYOND the PREMISES and the premises only offer SUPPORT for the conclusion

DEDUCTION:
The CONCLUSION IS DRAWN OUT OF THE PREMISES and the premises purport to guarantee the conclusion

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23
Q

The way deduction worksis that:

If you accept my premises, you must _____ or _____.

A

accept my conclusion or be called illogical

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24
Q

If the words _____or ________ are in the premise, it is probably going from _______ to ______ and thus it is probably a Deductive Argument.

A

“ALL” or “MOST”

general to specific

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25
Q

Syllogism is__________.

A

the Deductive form of Dialectic

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26
Q

Maxim is__________.

A

the Deductive form of Poetic

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27
Q

Synecdoche is__________.

A

the Inductive form of the Poetic

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28
Q

Enthymeme is _________.

A

A RHETORICAL SYLLOGYSM

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29
Q

The MOST FAMOUIS Syllogism of all time is:____.

A

“All men (A) are mortal (B),
Socrates (C) is a man (A)
therefore Socrates (C) is Mortal (B)”

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30
Q

A Syllogism has __ terms which are______ AND

2 ______ which are both ____________.

A

3….repeated

premises …….larger than the conclusion and more general than the conclusion

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31
Q

In a Syllogism, (A) is in (B), (C) is in ____ therefore ___ is in ___.”
A Syllogism is a “Watertight” argument because _________.

A

(A) is in (B), (C) is in (A) therefore (C) is in (B).”

A is within B

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32
Q

Three ways to think about deductive thinking is as:

  1. ______ thinking
  2. ______ thinking
  3. ______ thinking
A
  1. CATEGORICAL
  2. EITHER/OR thinking or
  3. “IF/THEN” thinking
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33
Q

People DO NOT Speak in Syllogism, rather they speak ________.

A

ENTHYMATICALLY

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34
Q

In EITHER/OR Deductive thinking (“Either we do this or that will happen”) “Either” and “OR” conditions must be _________.

A

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

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35
Q

The difference between Enthymeme and Syllogism

is that _____________.

A

Enthymeme is missing a premise

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36
Q

In Enthymeme, the missing premise is created by ____________ in order to____________.
Why would you do this?

A

the audience
allow for more audience participation
This makes the argument stronger if the listener is involved and constructs this

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37
Q

Synecdoche – means _________________.
This is the poetic form of ___________ in which you are moving to greater economy of language using less words to say more.

An example would be: ______.

A

“part of the whole”
poetic form of Induction
Example: saying “fifty sails” to mean “fifty ships”
Note: All stereotyping is Synecdoche

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38
Q

The INDUCTIVE forms of the following are:
Dialectic - ________
Rhetoric - ________
Poetic - ________

A

Dialectic - Complete Enumeration
(every possible example)
Rhetoric - Example
Poetic - Synecdoche

39
Q

The DEDUCTIVE forms of the following are:
Dialectic - ________
Rhetoric - ________
Poetic - ________

A

Dialectic - Syllogism
Rhetoric - Enthymeme
Poetic - Maxim

40
Q

Epicheireme is _______.

The point of Epicheireme is that we do not ________.

A

The Rhetorical term for an extended argument

We do not argue strictly in one method. It may include: induction, deduction, definition other items etc.

41
Q

Three General Categories of Fallacies are:

  1. ________
  2. ________
  3. ________
A
  1. Fallacies of Reasoning
  2. Fallacies of Content
  3. Miscellaneous Fallacies
42
Q

Non- sequitors are fallacies of _________.

A

reasoning

43
Q

Fallacies of reasoning may be either ___________ and __________ fallacies.

A

Deductive

Inductive

44
Q

An Either/or fallacy is a ___________ type of fallacy. This type of fallacy implies that something must be A or B but __________.

A

Deductive Fallacy
not true - there are other possibilities as well.
(NOTE: either/or arguments may also be valid but must be used correctly)

45
Q

A Faulty Analogy is a _________ fallacy. It makes an analogy with situations that are __________

A

Inductive Fallacy

unrelated

46
Q

One example of a _________ fallacy is when the stated facts are wrong

A

Error of content

47
Q

The following are considered __________ Fallacies:
o _______ – The rhetor “Leads off of the path”
o _________ – “to the man” – emotional, discrediting the opponent
o _______ – “to the people” – emotional, appealing to irrational fears of audience

A

Miscellaneous Fallacies

Red herring
Ad Hominem
Ad Polulum

48
Q

See fallacy types in rhetoric book
AND
Review Fallacy Examples from Class

A

See fallacy types in rhetoric book
AND
Review Fallacy Examples from Class

49
Q 
*** SOURCE??? - "All reforming assumes some form to begin with."
This is related to the class example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the books and is related to the understanding of the rhetorical canon of \_\_\_\_\_.
A

*** GK Chesterton

rearranging or reordering
Dispositio

50
Q

Dispositio is about _______ or doing what to things?.

A

Order

Arranging them

51
Q

_________ must precede an understanding of disorder.

A

Order

52
Q

*** SOURCE??? - “There is a developmental order in maturation and that could be used advantageously to parallel the order in education”

A

D. Sayers

53
Q
  • ** Sayers refers to 3 maturation stages that she asserts can be used advantageously in education. These are the:
    1. ________ stage
    2. ________ stage and
    3. ________ stage
A
  1. “Parrot Stage”:
  2. “Pert Stage”:
  3. “Poetic Stage
54
Q

*** Sayers suggests that in the _______ stage children love to memorize which can be taken advantage of in education by doing _______ subject study

A

Parrot

“grammar”

55
Q

*** Sayers suggests that in the _______ stage children are argumentative or sassy which can be taken advantage of in education by doing _______ subject study

A

Pert

argumentation

56
Q

*** Sayers suggests that in the _______ stage children have developed the other facilities which can be taken advantage of in education by doing _______ subject study to pull everything together

A

Poetic

rhetoric

57
Q

*** SOURCE??? - in his book “The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat” tells the story of woman who loses proprioception due to an injection inappropriately placed. He refers to proprioception as the body’s ________.

A

*** Oliver Sacks

“the body’s sense of order”

58
Q

Spencer proposes the concept of _________ based on his belief that “Most of our mind’s sense of order we get through language”

A

”rehetorical proprioception”

59
Q

*** Sacks refers to proprioception as “The fundamental organic ____________”which leads Spencer to ask if there is a _________________ that is a “mooring of our identity”

A

mooring of identity

Rhetorical proprioception

60
Q

Spencer says that when we hear something new, we start looking to see how is that related to the _____ or _____ that we know

A

order or structure

61
Q

Spencer says that SOMETIMES, things come to us that disturb our _______________ and we can’t place them in our _____ or find a place where we think that they should be

A

sense of proprioception

order

62
Q

*** SOURCE??? - “The meaning of a message is the change it produced in the individual’s image of the world”
Spencer calls these events that change our lives ______.

A

Boulding

“agents of change” 

63
Q

Spencer says that we have a sense of order that we experience in our image of the world and if we are exposed to something that changes that image - an _______ - we need to _________ our sense of order

A

“agent of change”

RE-FRAME

64
Q

The four sides of Spencer’s _______ diagram are:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. _______
  4. _______

*** This is not unlike the diagram from _____________.

A
  1. Dwelling
  2. Anticipating
  3. Engaging
  4. Remembering

Rosenstock- Huessy

65
Q

The sides of Spencer’s frame diagram should be remembered as:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. _______
  4. _______
A
  1. DWELLING within our INNER world in PEACE
  2. ANTICIPATING the FUTURE in HOPE
  3. ENGAGING the OUTER world in LOVE
  4. REMEMBERING the PAST with GRATITURE
66
Q

In Luke 7:18-28 John the Baptist sent his disciples to the Lord to ask, “Are you the one who is to come, or should we expect someone else?” Jesus later says that “among those born of women there is no one greater than John.”
This should tell us that it OK to ____________.

A

to be uncertain

67
Q

SOURCE??? - in “The Assumptions of Modern Thinking” speaks of “The fact is that today many people have no first premise”
His reference to the comment “Zeus is Dead - Worl is king” means that _______ so you can ___________.

A

Ernest Becker
(Chaos reigns) Chaos is first
do whatever you want

68
Q

SOURCE??? - defines logical proof as “Enclosing a Wilderness of Idea in a Wall of Words”

A

Samuel Butler

69
Q

SOURCE??? - Typically or often simple words are more difficult to define than complex words

A

Neil Postman

70
Q

SOURCE??? - defined power by saying that people in power have the privilege to define terms for those who don’t – “Each society has its regime of truth, its general politics of truth. ….Power is involved in the production of knowledge in that it dictates which subjects are diminished and which are accorded the status necsssary to have their discourse valued.”

A

Michel Foucault

71
Q

SOURCE??? - “We murder to dissect”

What does this mean?

A

Wordsworth

This means that we take argument statements and break them down in order to see how we can make the argument)

72
Q

SOURCE??? - In his book “Age of Debate/Age of Discovery” say that in the Medieval era was the “Age of _________ when the ____ questions were asked. Later periods and Modern era he refers to as “Age of _______ the _____ questions are asked

A

Robert Hutchins
Age of Debate…“WHY”

Age of Discovery… “HOW”

73
Q

*** SOURCE??? – “All poor arguments can be drawn down to two things: ‘So What’ or ‘Specify’” He means that either ________ or __________.

A

*** Rudolph Flesche

Either too much is added or too-little is said in fallacious arguments (think advertising)

74
Q

SOURCE??? – “The brain is wired for patternicity (order)”

A

Michael Schermer

75
Q

SOURCE??? - In his book “Space & Sight” he looks at people born blind who received sight and the differences in the way they ORDERED things before and after.

A

Marius Von Senden

Note: “The Mind’s Eye” was a similar article from Sacks about those who lost sight and needed to learn to reorder their mind

76
Q

*** SOURCE??? - “A man does not call a line crooked unless he has some idea of a straight line”
The author also speaks about an “order of morality in cultures”

A

*** Lewis in “Mere Christianity”

Lewis in “Abolition of man”

77
Q

Einstein wanted to call his theory the “Theory of ______” not “Theory of relativity” because it was based on a _________

A

“Theory of invariance”

Constant

78
Q

In _________ Paul says that God’s basic idea of morality defined since the beginning of time so people know it and cannot say that they did not

A

Romans 1

79
Q

SOURCE??? - “Your providence will order my life better than I can myself.” The author is saying that he looks to God for help in ordering his life. He cannot always make sense of things so he looks to Go.

A

Thomas AKempis

80
Q

SOURCE??? – “Integrating remembered wrong-doing into our life story is a way that we achieve inner healing”

A

Mirislav Volf

81
Q

SOURCE??? – The Living Reminder – “To forget the past is to lose our greatest teacher”

A

Henri J. M. Nouwen

82
Q

SOURCE??? - In his book “The Image” speaks about “Our Extravagant Expectations as encouraged by our culture”…“Never have people been more of a master of their environment yet never have they expected more than what the world has to offer them”

A

Daniel J. Boorstin

83
Q

SOURCE??? - In his book “The Road Less Traveled” opens with the phrase “Life is Difficult.” He asserts that “just expect this because our expectations always so extravagant that we do not achieve things”

A

Scott Peck

84
Q

Spencer says that “criticism is an ______”

A

agent of change

85
Q

SOURCE??? - “War is when we are not on speaking Terms”

A

Roosenstock-Huessy

86
Q

SOURCE??? - in his book “In the Glory” speaks of a priest who starts referring to people who are poor characters or seen in bad situations as “In God’s Image” to _____ these people in his mind – versus using derogatory terms for them.

A

Graham Green

reframe

87
Q

SOURCE??? - “rebellion is a lack of respect for the past”

A

Rosenstock-Huessy

88
Q 
Eph 5:2  "Walk in the way of love, just as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us as a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God." 
How does Paul say that we imitate God?
1. \_\_\_\_\_
2.\_\_\_\_\_
3.\_\_\_\_\_
A

o In love
o by giving ourselves for others
o by being FRAGRANT

A rhetor leaves behind that fragrance even after he leaves

89
Q

Augustine: about the Art of loving “What is perfect loving virtue?”
“When everything that should be loved …_________________________”
**Note appeal to _______

A

……is loved and in the right measure

appeal to order

90
Q

Augustine:
• So practice discernment – not everything __________
• And there is not time to love _______
• And the timing of love can be ______

A
  • So practice discernment – not everything SHOULD BE LOVED
  • And there is not time to love EVERYTHING
  • And the timing of love can be WRONG
91
Q

SOURCE??? - “I call charity the motion of the soul toward the enjoyment of God for his own sake and the enjoyment of one’s self and of one’s neighbor for the sake of God”
• The MOTIVE notes that?
• The MOTION says that??

A

Augustine

o Motive –
 Other types of love are wrong (notice directions of this love)
 How else might you love the unlovable except for the sake of God.
o Motion –
 Naturally things are out of ORDER and require the WEIGHTof love
 Looking for what is the weight to balance the scales (what is the proper proprioception?)

92
Q

SOURCE??? - “Every class should be like Christmas. You should get something that you need, something that you want and something that you never dreamed of.”

A

Larusso

93
Q

SOURCE??? - “Hate was just a failure of the imagination” (failure to see the other person as being what??_____________ )

A

Graham Green

made in God’s Image

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