ARTISTIC PROOFS: 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________

1. Pathos 2. Ethos 3. Logical Argument (Logos)

Exam III Flashcards by Julia Kanner

While the main activity of inventio Plase I is the search for ideas, the main activity of Inventio Phase 2 is _______________ which is then used todefend your _____________

Developing Proofs tentative thesis

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“Proofs” are defined as _________ AND the ___________

evidence….DEMONSTRATION of evidence

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SOURCE???: “Hearers themselves become the instruments of proof” so you must be “flexible” as a rhetor. Explain this.

Aristotle
You can use your knowledge and understanding to the hearer’s logical, ethical and emotional bentand shape your argument to appeal to these realms of proof. You must, however, be able and willing to bend to this and not be stuck in only one way of making your argument.

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Youmust be ___________-oriented if you want to be in a rhetorical exchange

OTHER

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The most influential force available to you as a rhetor is __________________ because____________

the MIND OF THE LISTNER
You can tailor yourargument to the way that the listener’s mind will think and receive your logical, ethical and emotional arguments.

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Proof is NOT to be equated with ______!

Facts

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Proof = __________ (the inartistic part)+ _________ (the artistic part)Explain this.

Evidence + the Demonstration of Evidence”Proof,” as a single,COMPLETE object or goal of your argument, requires that you provide both the INARTISTIC PROOF (evidence) and the ARTICTIC PROOF (demonstration of that evidence)[Maybe just as the LIQUID of lemonade is made up of two different types of liquid:WATER LIQUID and LEMON JUICE LIQUID]

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Aristotle: “Two types of proof: 1. ________ Proof 2. ________ Proof

InartisticArtistic”Proof,” as a single,COMPLETE object or goal of your argument, requires that you provide both the INARTISTIC PROOF (evidence) and the ARTICTIC PROOF (demonstration of that evidence)[Maybe just as the LIQUID of lemonade is made up of two different types of liquid:WATER LIQUID and LEMON JUICE LIQUID]

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Inartistic Proofs are _______ by the rhetor

NOT created

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Artistic Proofs are _______ by the rhetor

Created

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The IMPORTANT proof is the _____ one

Artistic

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Inartistic Proofs include (also be able to explain why they are inartistic proofs):
_______
_______
_______ (MUST be shown to be reliable)
_______ (must be shown to be credible – and from an authority in the particular area)
_______ (items that may sound like proofs but are fake…forced)
_______ (added by Spencer)

Law (you must show that a law exists if you intend to demonstrate that somebody broke it) Contracts (you must show that the contract exists and what it says…) Documents (you must show that thedocuments exists and whatthey says…) Testimony (must support the point you intend to argue) Statements extracted by torture (not surrendered by willing means but may support an argument) Images (“show” what happened)

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_____ (which are __________ proofs) do NOT speak for themselves, rather, you must DEMONSTRATE what they mean! That is, they must be ______

FactsInartisticEnergized

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SOURCE???: Rhetoric = “Giving ______to the______”

Richard Weaver

effectiveness ….truth

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SOURCE???:In his book “The Humiliation of the Word” the author states that “Images are _______________ . Words, however, move us ______________.”Whis is this?

Jacques Ellul
in theREALM of realityinto theREALM of TruthImages ARE real, BUT without words to explain them, they not particularly valuable or accurate. Those words may be provided to us (written, spoken) or EVEN IN OUR MIND since when we look at an image we are thinking something in words, that is, what we see happening there.

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ARTISTIC PROOFS:

________
________
________

Pathos 2. Ethos 3. Logical Argument (Logos)

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SOURCE???: Logos is the _____ of ALL thought and action. What does this mean?

Think of Logos as equal to _______ or ___________.

Logos is MUCH BIGGER than ____________

Isseling (quoting Isocrates)
Hegemoon(Logos directs …..or has POWER OVER…all thought and action)

The Holy Spirit or “The Force”

Logical argument

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The relationship between the Artistic Proofs is as follows:In the concept of _____, Logical Argument is _______ and conditioned by ______

Mythos…based in Pathos…ethos

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Mythos is ___________. Thesignificance of “Mythos”is that some things can ONLY be communicated by _____ and ALL argument takes place in the context of _________.

“Narrative Story”
Story
SOME story

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SOURCE???: wrote “Myth Became Fact” (essay) based on the belief that “There are advantages to narrative story (myth).” The author goes on to say that “The human dilemma is to _______ OR __________.” He means that the more we try to think about something the less we can experience it.Demonstrate an understanding of this with an example.

CS Lewis to taste and not to know OR to know and not to tasteMay be considered as follows:Tasting is experiencing whereas Knowing is studying, reading about or discussing. Consider a historical event. You can study it or you may have experienced it but could not do both at the same time. Yet a story about it brings a degree of both.

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SOURCE???: Myth is the thing that comes closest to allowing us to _____________

CS Lewis know and taste”May be considered as follows:Tasting is experiencing whereas Knowing is studying, reading about or discussing. Consider a historical event. You can study it or you may have experienced it but could not do both at the same time. Yet a story about it brings a degree of both.

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SOURCE???: In the “Abolition of Man” the author’s statement _______________ relates artistic proofsin the same manner as doesthe statement: “In the concept of Mythos, Logical Argument is based in Pathos and conditioned by ethos”

CS Lewis “THE HEAD RULES THE BELLY THROUGH THE CHEST”

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In the statement “THE HEAD RULES THE BELLY THROUGH THE CHEST,”
Head = __A___ or (_____)
Belly = ___B__ or (_____)
Chest = __C___ or (_____).”
This is a ______ Statement – that is, the way it SHOULD be. This may be restated as: “__A___ rules our ___B__ through __C___” but “Contemporary culture wants to cut out the ______ part”

Reason or (Logical Argument) Instincts or (Pathos) Trained Sentiment or (Ethos) prescriptive “Reason rules our Instincts through Trained Sentiment” Chest

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SOURCE???: In thestory“The Abolition of Man” the author asserts that people in power will find a ______to do whatever it is that they want to do because they eliminate ________.

REASON Ethos - or the chest

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What is important is the must see _________between the proofs (logical and emotional) – all must be there and one is not _______ to the other

RELATIONSHIP superior

With EACH of the proofs you are ______ (emotion, ethics etc.). You begin, however, by _______ because EVERYTHING – EVERY ARGUMENT you make - is in the context of ___________.

appealing to somethingappealing to the STORY a story and a greater story

Considering the statement: "In the concept of Mythos, Logical Argument is based in Pathos and conditioned by ethos," the "based in Pathos” part means that “We defend _____” thus emotions have value as they drives your ______

what we feel | choices of logic

Considering the statement: "In the concept of Mythos, Logical Argument is based in Pathos and conditioned by ethos," the “Conditioned by Ethos” part means that it is difficult to respect a logical argument if we cannot _______.

respect the character of the person

SOURCE???: regarding ethos, this author said “The cleverest and soundest argument is unpersuasive if the audience reacts unfavorably to ______”

Corbettt | he character of the rhetor

SOURCE???: regarding ethos, this author said “The ideal orator should be a ______ and also noted that people follow _______

Quintilian good man MODELS

Every time you enter a rhetorical situation you are “Asking somebody to _________" - that is, you are effecting ________

follow you into the conversation | Persuasion

SOURCE???: “Looking at the relationship between habit and character, people Observe our _____ Habits, _____ Habits and _____ Habits.” (*Spencer likes this)

Gerrard Hauser | Moral Habits, Mental Habits and Emotional Habits

SOURCE???: “______ is caused by the speech. The Speaker reveals his _____by the causes espoused."Explain this

Aristotle??? Ethos.....habitsWhile ethics may be presented in one's discourse, their habits (their regular actions) tend to reveal the person that they really are. This can affect effectiveness of Ethos being presented rhetorically to a hearer.

When you hear somebody speak, you see their ____ at the same time.Because of this, you are making _____ (or _____) whenever you hear somebody speak.Explain

habits judgments (or exercising DISCERNMENT)While an indiviual presents discourse, their habits (their regular actions) tend to reveal the person that they really are. This can affect effectiveness of that being presented rhetorically to a hearer.

Gerrard Hauser's Moral Habits, Mental Habits and Emotional Habits are associated with the Ethos categories of______

integrity and competence and goodwill

The 4 Components of Ethos are: 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____

1. Integrity 2. Competence 3. Goodwill 2. Ethos and the Beads??

Authenticity comes out of the LARGER virtue of ______ – because ______________

COURAGE | it often it takes significant courage to be honest

Integrity includes 4 Categories which are: 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ & 4. ________

1. Authenticity, Honesty & Genuineness 2. Dependability 3. Justice 4. Other Virtues: Pride, Humility

Honesty is important as a part of _______– But this honesty does NOT mean ______ or _____

integrity | cruel honesty or indulgent transparency (sharing every detail in your life)

Genuineness is presented in the Prayer of Pan in Phaedra’s dialogue (SOURCE??__________) which says "may ______ and __________ meet!"The point is that there should be resonance between _______________ and __________.

Plato | “May the inner man and outer man meet!”The person in your beliefs and values and the person that we present to others.

SOURCE????: ________ says "Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites!” This is saying that he Pharisees lacked __________

Matthew 23:13-29JesusGenuineness

SOURCE???: Story (devotional) told of family who had been arguing on roadside stick with flat tire and escaped convicts come upon them, killing them one-by-one in the woods. Grandmother is last who had been speaking of the leader’s (“Misfit”) need to pray and she continues to speak of Jesus.________ is shown to have integrity in this story because___________

O’Connor Misfit There was agreement between his outer self and he lived true to his values

SOURCE??????: ______ says "Why do you call me Lord, Lord and not do what I say” – The point being presented here is a lack of_________

Luke 6:46 Jesus integrity

In Victor Hugo's “Les Miserabeles” – Jean val Jean in the courtroom scene struggles with whether it is right to go on doing his good as mayor and business owner yet let a beggar be wrongly convicted even though Jean vla Jean's intervention will likely expose who Jean val Jean is. This raises a question of ________

integrity

Name and provide examples of the 3 types of Covenants: * ___________ * ___________ * ___________ These are associated with what category of Integrity?

* Public – marriage vows, Baptism, Swearing in office, Court truth swearing * Private – in confidence or private with another private individual * Tacit – “understood” or born into (natural citizen upholding the constitution) Dependability

Considering the 4 Components of Ethos, What do these equate to according to Gerrard Hauser:: 1. Integrity = ______________ 2. Competence = ______________ 3. Goodwill = ______________

1. MORAL habits that are being observed 2. MENTAL habits that are being observed 3. EMOTIONAL habits that are being observed

What are the 2 primary manifestations of HATE: 1.________ 2.________ These are associated with what category of Integrity?

1. Grief or sadness (usually better than anger) 2. Anger (sometimes more appropriate than grief/sadness) Justice

“In a fallen world ______ is a necessary part of love” – that is, you need to ___________ This is associated with what category of Integrity?

hatred hate things that are contrary to good and love Justice

SOURCE???: “Love must be sincere. Hate what is evil; _______ what is good.” Justice

Romans: 12:9 | cling to

Considering Romans: 12:9 “Love must be sincere. Hate what is evil; cling to what is good:” 1. What 4 options does this give us? 2. This is associated with what category of Integrity?

1. Do evil and cling to it – 2. Do evil and hate it ( we MAY give more grace to one in this situation) – 3. Do Good and hate it – 4. Do Good and cling to it –

What are examples of doing evil and clinging to it? –

- The worst thing you can do, to love or enjoy evil..out of pleasure - Note there are many types of evil – may not want to kill but may like gossip or taking advantage of others

What are examples of doing evil and hating it?

- Doing evil out of desperation or to cope - Jean val Jean stealing the bread of desperation - Poor patterns of speech like sarcasm etc. - Putting forth an image of deception for “protection”

What are examples of doing Good and hating it?

- Is doing good better than evil? It depends…The motive matters - Doing the right, polite thing but the wrong attitude or reason - Giving praise to another when YOU want it and think you deserve it

What are examples of doing Good and clinging to it?

A. May do it out of desperation, out of a sense of duty or responsibility or “B” B. The “highest good” – doing it and clinging to it out of devotion –  - You are thinking that nothing gives you more joy than doing this thing  - True virtue

SOURCE???: The doctrine of pretending – “What is the good in pretending to be what you are not? On the human level, there are 2 kinds of pretending: There is the ‘bad’ kind where the pretense is there instead of the real thing (e.g. somebody pretends they will help you but do not) …but there is also the good kind where the pretense leads up to the real thing (where you act as if you have it and acting that way leads you there)” This is an example of what?

Lewis Doing Good and clinging to it

SOURCE???: "Warm hearted sins (anger, jealousy & lust) are easily recognized and easily repented of vs. the “Cold-hearted sins” This is an example of what?

Sayers Doing evil and hating it

SOURCE???: "I do not understand what I do. For what I want to do I do not do, but what I hate I do. And if I do what I do not want to do" This is an example of what?

Rom 7:15-20 Doing evil and hating it

“Humility is the ______ of all virtue and pride is the _______ of all virtue”

condition | corruptor

In the statement: “Humility is the condition of all virtue and pride is the corruptor of all virtue,” The second statement (pride is the corruptor of all virtue ) is exemplified by this quote: SOURCE???: “Pride leads to every other vice – it is the complete anti-God state of mind. … The more pride you have, the more you dislike pride in others…”..”It is the COMPARISON that makes you proud, the pleasure of being above the rest.” [that is, pride is the corruptor of all virtue]"

C.S. Lewis

SOURCE???: "reviewing the perspective of cicero and Quintilian “Oratory is not a skill attained by learning the rules of the rhetoricians. It is closer to a way of being in the world”….” the "perfect orator" as "a thinker of the best thoughts and a speaker of the best language”…..”THE ORATION IS THE TEST OF THE MEANING OF THE ORATOR'S LIFE.”……” Oratory is not a "bag of virtues," Rather it is the virtue by which we strive to integrate eloquence and reason in doing justice to the best in our nature.” Ethos

Chambliss

We IMPROVE OUR INTEGRITY by: 1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. ______________ 4. _______________ Ethos

o Sacrifice o Not making promises we can’t keep them o Not offering false praise o Poor use of cliché’s which lack honesty and thus lack integrity

SOURCE???: "Importance of “Speaking out of your true self and not your theoretical self” – o Author says that this makes for bad writing says if this is not the case. A problem, she says, in the first 20 years of ones writing is that you “write pretentiously” in “an anxiety to be effective to impress people” (63) o “Microscopic truthfulness in writing” – being “microscopically true” – it is BETTER writing, more believable….more alive o SOURCE 2???: calls it the “Rumpelstiltskin method of writing” - “Feel free to write strong and later turn into gold” – be reckless, don’t worry about being perfect the first time

Ueland Spencer

COMPETENCE: o ______ and _____ are synonyms that are part of competence o Means to know and demonstrate in your Rhetoric ____________ o You are COMMUNICTING _________ o Not just HAVING experience but doing what from that experience?________ Ethos

Expertise and intelligence WHAT you are talking about YOUR ETHOS COMMUNICATING WHAT YOU LEARNED

What kind of competence is appropriate in a rhetorical situation? IT DEPENDS! o Competence that is appropriate for ______ o Competence that is perceived _______ Ethos

appropriate for the situation and audience | perceived by your audience

”Competence leads to _______!” Ethos

Confidence

Our REASONING REVEALS OUR COMPETENCE o If one makes connections when a speaker talks, the listener thinks that the speaker is_____ and attributes ______ to the speaker o SO the POWER of the rhetorical situation is in the___________ Ethos

smart ...ETHOS | MIND of the AUDIENCE

The MOST important or foundational part of Ethos is ________

GOOD WILL

According to _________, Good Will is Having the audience’s _______ in mind

Hauser | best interest

Your audience will attribute GoodWill to you if you line up with them on the things that you: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ Ethos

1. Love 2. Hate 3. Are willing to Endure

GOOD WILL is NOT an ___________ quality – it is BASED ON _______ Ethos

objective quality | COMMON VALUES

Ian Miller writes about “____ing Emotions” Pathos

Faking

The Latin Roots of "Sentiment" mean?__________. This word is being considered as an “equivalent to emotions” Pathos

to “Sense from the Mind”;

SOURCE???: “Emotions are self-involved judgments” Pathos

Hauser

Emotions ARE: “Patterns of __________ connected to language” Pathos

response

SOURCE???: " Emotions are NOT commodities, NOT controlling things OUTSIDE of us but rather ___________. Pathos

Hauser INTERNAL

4 main ideas from Hauser about Emotions: 1. All judgments are _______ 2. All emotions are _______ 3. Emotions are DEPENDENT ON _______ 4. Emotions are experienced in _______ ways (they occur in time) Pathos

1. normative (BASED UPON CRITERIA we have) 2. unique (Each occurs in a specific case – PARTICULAR) 3. LANGUAGE (Burke) 4. EVENTFUL

EMOTION CANNOT EXIST WHERE?? Pathos

OUTSIDE OF US

“each emotion is in the moment” and is _____ Pathos

unique

PATHOS is Defined as?________

UNIFICATION OF SENTIMENT

The Rhetor's job is to _______ the emotions of the audience with _________________ Pathos

UNIFY | the emotions of the rhetor

Aristotle: “About every emotion we need to understand: 1. The _____ of the emotion (the definition) 2. The _____ of the emotion 3. The ______ of the emotion” This was exemplified for the emotion of FEAR in the story from __________. Pathos

nature object causes Bill Cosby

Some English words that use Pathos in them:  Apathy – _____ involvement  Sympathy - _____ involvement  Empathy – _____ involvement (attempt) Pathos

NO SOME - (outside looking in) INSIDE

“Logical proof is the degree of _______ arising from the combination of premises with reasoning” o That is – Proofs will VARY in their _____ and o Conclusions will vary in ______ Logical Argument

cogency cogency their degree of certainty

Reasoning = (ONE definition) “Reasoning is the process of __________” Logical Argument

inferring conclusions from premises

The Continuum of Cogency ranges from Absolute Truth to a ______ of Truth with The Certainty continuum including the following 5 levels:__________ Logical Argument

Scintilla : very small amount; trace; amount | Certainty - Probability - Plausibility - Possibility

Cogency means ______________ Logical Argument

believability, convincing

Referring to the following study results: Teens prioritized loyalty over adherence to norms (honesty) Teens in study even admitted to not answering all survey questions honestly Teens do NOT tolerate adults arguing to them __________ (author) asked if these "shifting of norms indicate a generation of _________.”

Clark corruption

SOURCE??: Describes how Logos is MUCH BIGGER than Logical argument

Isocrates more

SOURCE???: “It is impossible for the listener to feel indignation, hatred or ill will; to be terrified of anything or reduced to tears of compassion unless all those emotions which the advocate would inspire in the arbitrator are visibly stamped or branded on the advocate himself.”

Cicero

SOURCE???: Asked if the "shifting of norms of teens indicate a generation of corruption.” (Teens prioritized loyalty over adherence to norms (honesty))

Clark

SOURCE??: May the inner and the and outer self meet

Plato

Referring to Love without hypocrisy ______ comments on having a “hatred of unscrupulous tactics”

Corbett

SOURCE??: “Clothes and Manners do NOT make the man but when he is made, they greatly improve his appearance” so cannot make what is not there…appearance must follow content. This is associated with _____.

Henry Ward Beecher | Competence

SOURCE??: “We defend what we feel” so we make the selection of the logical argument based on what we feel Pathos

I.A. Richards

SOURCE??: Truth DOES NOT = Certainty !

Taylor

SOURCE??: "That which is impossible and probable is better than that which is possible and improbable”

Aristotle/Adler

SOURCE??: "The first quality of a Christian intellectual bent is a passion for being…That is, to Love what God Loves and to love it with Passion and zeal"

Pelikan

SOURCE??: - "For I can testify about them that they are zealous for God, but their zeal is not based on knowledge."

Rom. 10:2

SOURCE??: - “For the apparel oft proclaims the man”

Shakespeare (in Hamlet)

An Orator: Gains complete control over ________ Having complete control of all thought and language

logos;

SOURCE??: “That which is impossible to _______ and probable is better than ________________”

Aristotle TO PROVE that which is possible TO PROVE and improbable

SOURCE??: ”Rhetoric is in the realm of __________”.....NOT in the realm of ________. Why?

Mortimer Adler/Aristotle probability certainty Why, because : 1. You are not likely to debate anything in the realm of certainty 2. Most human affairs fall within the realm of probablilty

SOURCE??: Discusses The myth of certainty: How WE TEND TO CONFUSE TRUTH AND CERTAINTY. Based on a story about a preacher with “brimming confidence” before God, the author concludes that the reflective Christian is a passionate __________ which should NOT be confused with someone who is ___________

Daniel Taylor truth seeker absolutely sure of the truth.

The GOAL OF THE RHETOR is to move the Audience TOWARDS __________

certainty

SOURCE??: “The differences between reason and emotion help us to make decisions that we must as rhetors because we know that REASON IS UNDER THE CONTROL OF _______ we can appeal directly to reason”  So you can _____ yourself to reason – but You must get at emotions how??_____

Corbett OUR WILL will indirectly ...Wheras reason we can get at directly.

SOURCE???: – "Use what language you will, you can never say anything but what you are"

Ralph Waldo Emerson

We can think of Ethos as a __________ – the _______ are what others see but the _______ is what really matters. If the ______ is STRONG the ______ will hold up and stay together under pressure. If the_______ is NOT strong, the _________ will fall apart.

``` beaded necklace beads thread thread beads thread beads will be revealed and all the other traits ```

SOURCE???: Logical argument - "A reasonable argument is an argument that moves from good reasons by means of proper inference to a substantiated conclusion." Three criteria for Reasonable Arguments implied are that the arguments must: 1. _________ 2. _________ 3. _________

Herrik 1. exhibit support for their conclusions. 2. have validity. 3. show linguistic consistency & clarity