Exam III Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
What do neonates have as a result of estrogen when they’re born?
A
Engorged external genitalia and enlarged breasts.
2
Q
What are the first signs of puberty in females?
A
Breast development and pubic hair
3
Q
Increase in vaginal secretions coincides with what during puberty?
A
Ovulation
4
Q
How does the uterus change soon after a missed periodwhen pregnant?
A
The uterus enlarges
5
Q
What happens to the cervical and vaginal secretions during pregnancy?
A
Increase
6
Q
How does the pH balance change during pregnancy?
A
Acidic pH protects against bacteria
7
Q
What makes a pregnant woman more prone to yeast infections (Candidiasis)?
A
Increased glycogen production
8
Q
What changes occur in the uterus from aging and lack of sexual activity?
A
Vagina atrophies to one-half its former length and width and becomes shorter, narrower, and less elastic.
9
Q
What happens to vaginal secretions with aging?
A
Vagina gets dry and at risk for irritation and pain with intercourse (dyspareunia)
10
Q
What happens to vaginal pH with aging?
A
Vaginal pH becomes more alkaline with an accompanying increased risk for infection.
11
Q
What does decreased glycogen production in aging mean to the vagina?
A
Fewer yeast infections
12
Q
What are the terms for female circumcision?
A
Female circumcision
Infibulation
Female genital mutilation
13
Q
What is removed in female circumcision?
A
Remove clitoris and sometimes labia.
14
Q
T/F - Timing of puberty onset is not influenced by genetic and environmental factors in some cultures.
A
False
15
Q
T/F - Obesity contributes to early onset of puberty
A
True
16
Q
Dysmenorrhea
A
Severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain during your period
17
Q
T/F - When completing an assessment regarding reproduction, start with general and work to specific questions.
A
True
18
Q
What is primary amenorrhea?
A
Primary – amenorrhea before onset of menstruation
19
Q
What is amenorrhea?
A
Absence of menstruation
20
Q
What is menarche?
A
First occurence of your period.
21
Q
What is secondary amenorrhea?
A
Amenorrhea during pregnancy, lactation,menopause, or BMI below 18
22
Q
What percentage of women have dysmenorrhea?
A
50%
23
Q
What is menses?
A
Monthly flow of bloody fluid from uterus
24
Q
What is menopause?
A
12 consecutive months of no menstruation usually between ages 48-55
25
Menstruation is measured from what point in the cycle to what point?
From the first day of one menses to the first day of the next menses.
26
What are these symptoms of?
Tenderness, tingling, or increased size of breasts
Urinary frequency
Nausea and vomiting
Easy fatiged
Pregnancy
27
At what point in pregnancy would you feel/sense the fetus?
About 20 weeks
28
In what condition is there:
- Interruption in fluora
- Not contagious unless immunocompromised
- Discharge gray, thin white with odor
- No disruption of vulva and vagina
- Treated with antibiotics
Bacterial vaginosis
29
What condition is marked by:
- Normal fluora in vagina is off (from frequent douching, antibiotic use)
- White thick curdy, itching, treated with antifungal, topical or oral or both
- Diet, some dairy, high alcohol, high sugar can contribute to the condition
Yeast infection
30
What is a parasite that may be transmitted through sexual contact or the swimming pool
Causes bad odor
Has yellowish green or gray discharge
Is treated with antibiotics
Vaginitis - broad term indicating any disease process of the vagina caused by or leading to infection, inflammation, or changes in the normal vaginal flora. Vaginitis is also a broad term but with no inflammation.
31
How is vaginitis treated?
Antibiotics
32
How is vaginosis treated?
Antibiotics
33
What is yeast infection treated with?
An antifungal, topical or oral or both
34
What is a skin overgrowth that can multiply or drain
Can be removed surgically
Rarely needs treatment or surgery
May be blocked hair follicles
Epidermoid cyst
35
What organs can prolapse after birth?
Uterus, vagina, bladder or rectum
36
What secretes lubricant to keep vagina moist but can become obstructed?
Bartholin gland
37
What condition is relieved by sitz bath and possibly antibiotics?
Bartholin gland infection
38
What are symptoms of the primary stage of Syphilitic Chancre?
Primary - A single chancre marks the onset of the primary stage of syphilis, but there may be multiple sores. It appears at the location where syphilis enters the body.
39
What are symptoms of the secondary stage of Syphilitic Chancre?
Secondary syphilis may have flu-like symptoms, rash, warts but can become latent and patient never knows they have it and can pass it on.
40
What is tertiary Syphilitic Chancre?
Tertiary syphilis can go anywhere in body: heart, eyes, liver, bones, can be fatal.
41
Venereal warts are cause by what virus.
HPV virus
42
How are venereal warts treated?
Topically
43
Can you treat or cure venereal warts?
Treat
44
What are symptoms of venereal warts?
Warts on labia, painless growth, itching or bleeding, flow of urine might change (sideways)
45
Do venereal warts go away?
- Most go away after 2 years
- 1 in 10 will suffer lifelong chronic issues
46
Are genital herpes a bacteria or virus?
A virus
47
What do genital herpes look like?
Shallow ulcers.
48
How are genital herpes spread?
Through sexual contact and/or sharing utensils
49
Can genital herpes be transmitted if asymptomatic?
Yes
50
What is the usual treatment for genital herpes?
Two weeks of antiviral to heal but can have for life and take the antiviral, acyclovir for life with no problems.
51
What two muscles lie posterior to the breast?
Pectoralis major and serratus anterior
52
Between what two ribs does the breast lie?
2nd and 6th
53
What is the projection on the breast through which milk flows?
Nipple
54
What is the area around the nipple that contains glands that secrete lubricant for lactation?
Areola
55
What are the glands on the areola that secrete protective lipid material during lactation?
Montgomery's glands
56
What type of glands are Montgomery's?
Sebaceous
57
Toward what direction do the breast lymph glands drain?
Toward the axilla
58
What part of the breast produces milk and what part determines the size of the breast?
Glands produce milk and the fat cells determine size.
59
What do normal lymph glands feel like?
Should be soft, pliable, movable
60
What do abnormal lymph glands feel like?
Abnormal lymph nodes are hard, fixed.
61
If a lymph node is painful on palpation, where do you look for infection?
Proximal
62
What are the four quadrants of the breast?
63
What is the sight of most breast cancers?
Upper outer quadrant is site of most breast tumors and abnormalities; more glandular tissue
64
What stimulates breast changes during puberty?
Estrogen
65
How are the five stages of breast development correlated?
With Tanner Staging
66
T/F - The beginning of breast development precedes menarche by about 2 years.
True
67
Breast development usually begins on an average between what ages?
8 and 10
68
Breast changes start during what month of pregnancy?
second
69
During what month might a pregnant woman express colostrum?
Four months
70
What is the thick yellow fluid that is precursor for milk and what does it contain?
Colostrum. Containing same amount of protein and lactose as breast milk but practically no fat.
71
What contains the same amount of protein and lactose as breast milk but practically no fat.
Colostrum
72
What is milk production called?
Lactation
73
When does lactation start after childbirth?
Lactation, milk production, begins 1 to 3 days postpartum
74
Why is breastfeeding important?
Because of colostrum. It is rich with antibodies that protect newborn against infection
75
What changes in the breast occur with aging?
- Lost subcutaneous tissue
- Decreased breast size due to fewer lobules
- Atrophy of glandular tissue makes inner structures more prominent
76
When aging, the atrophy of glandular tissue makes what more prominant?
Inner structures which might reveal a lump that had been there.
77
Around the nipple, what happens to the lactiferous ducts during aging?
More palpable, firm and stringy because of fibrosis and calcification.
78
T/F - Axillary hair increases with aging.
False, axillary hair decreases with aging
79
What is gynecomastia?
During adolescence, it's common for breast tissue to temporarily enlarge in males.
80
What might reappear in aging male and may be due to testosterone deficiency?
Gynecomastia - breast enlargement
81
Around what age to men start to get diagnosed with breast cancer?
Around 72 years of age
82
What four views should you use to view the breast on an assessment?
Four views:
Arms at sides
Arms over head
Arms pressed against hips
Leaning forward
83
Normal nipple inversion may be unilateral or bilateral?
Can be both
84
If a nipple changes to inversion, what should be recommended?
Further assessment
85
What is a supernumerary nipple?
An extra nipple that appears on milk line
86
What is a supranumerary nipple usually mistaken for?
A mole
87
T/F - A supranumerary nipple is pathologic
False, it is not pathologic
88
What are the three methods used to do a breast exam?
- Vertical strip pattern currently recommended to detect a breast mass.
Two other patterns are in common use:
* From the nipple palpating out to periphery as if following spokes on a wheel
* Palpating in concentric circles out to periphery
89
What position for a provider is best to do a breast exam?
Best when breast tissue flattened -- place in supine position
90
Uneven texture in breast is called what?
Physiologic nodularity or fibrocystic breast
91
Are fibrocystic breasts normal?
Yes.
92
Are fibrocystic breasts unilateral or bilateral?
Often bilateral
93
When are fibrocystic breasts often detected?
May increase before menses -- check a week after or before.
94
What can cause the lymph nodes in the axilla to be soft and movable?
Shaving or blocked hair ducts
95
T/F - Lymph nodes that are hard, fixed and enlarged is normal.
False
96
Benign breast disease is another term for what?
Fibrocystic breast disease
97
What is a fibroadenoma?
Common benign tumors made from overgrowth of CT and glandular breast tissue. Fibroadenoma is a benign breast tumor, can be thought of as a condition that resides somewhere between fibrocystic changes and breast cancer.
98
What do fibroadenomas do after menopause?
Shrink
99
What do fibroadenomas feel like on palpation?
Fluid filled, round movable lumps, easily circumscribed.
100
Can fibroadenomas grow during menses?
Yes.
101
What are the following indicative of?
* Nipple retraction
* Dimpling
* Fixation
* Edema (peaux d’orange)
* Deviation in nipple pointing
Abnormal breast findings
102
In edema of the breast, what two characteristics are present?
Orange skin
See the pores
103
What is Padget's disease of the breast?
A rare plaque that forms above the cancer in the breast.
104
5-year survival rate for localized breast cancer has increased to what?
98%
105
Women who inherit the mutations of BRCA1 and BRACA2 on one or both sides are at an increased risk for developing what two types of cancer?
Breast or ovarian cancer
106
T/F - Age and ethnicity variables contribute different risks to breast cancer.
True
107
There is link between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the development of what?
Breast cancer
108
Mammography screening is recommended for women over what age?
40
109
The best time to conduct a breast self exam is when? Why?
When breasts are smallest and least congested.
110
Advise pregnant or menopausal woman not having menstrual periods to do what to examine her breasts each month?
Pick a familiar date monthly
111
Which three manners of breast self exam should women use?
In front of the mirror, lying down, in the shower
112
Self-examination will familiarize woman with what?
Their own breasts and their normal variation.
113
What two areas of lymph nodes drain the male genitalia?
The inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes which means the testes drain into the abdomen.
114
Which testicle sits lower?
Left testes usually lies lower than right because of sperm production and testosterone
115
What is the meatus?
The opening where urine leaves the body in the penis.
116
What can damage the meatus in infants?
Contact with urine in the diaper.
117
T/F - Are testes normally descended and equal in size bilaterally?
True
118
If you don't feel both testes what should you have the child do?
- Ask toddler or child to squat with knees flexed up
- Have child sit cross-legged to relax reflex
119
First sign of puberty in a male?
First - enlargement of testes
Second - pubic hair appears
Third - Penis size increases.
120
What is Gynecomastia?
An increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. It can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
121
What is a condition that causes an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone.
Gynocomastia
122
Developmental changes in the male genitalia with aging include what four things?
- Testicular tissue mass decreases
- Andropause - level of testosterone decreases
- Gynecomastia
- Age-related changes in the vascular system decrease level of sensation and may inhibit erectile function
123
Men continue to make sperm until what age?
80 years
124
When does male sperm production start to decline?
After 40 years of age
125
What is andropause?
Andropause - level of testosterone decreases
126
What may be the cause of Inguinal pain or swelling in males?
Inguinal hernia
127
What is an inguinal hernia?
Tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles
128
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Prostate gland enlargement
129
What two conditions can cause problems with urination?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or cancer.
130
T/F - Benign prostatic hyperplasia is considered a normal condition of aging?
True
131
What is smegma?
Normal whitish material evident on the male penis.
132
T/F - Epidermoid cysts are common and benign in men.
True
133
T/F - Epidermoid cysts are more common females than males
False. More common in males
134
What is Hypospadias?
The male urethra doesn't fully form and the opening of the penis is on the underside of the organ.
135
What is epispadias?
The male urethra doesn't fully form and the opening of the penis is on the top of the organ
136
What is hydrocele in males?
A type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle.
137
At what age in males is hydrocele more common?
Infants. Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum.
138
What is the condition where herniated intestines pushing through the abdominal cavity also push through the inguinal ring?
Scrotal hernia
139
Where does herniated tissue go down into with a scrotal hernia?
Into the testes
140
T/F - You can't get a scrotal hernia from an inguinal hernia
False. You can have a scrotal hernia from an inguinal hernia.
141
What cell type of carcinoma occurs on the penis?
Squamous cell carcinoma
142
Squamous cell carcinoma on the penis is the result of what virus?
HPV infection
143
Scrotal edema can be related to what four conditions?
Hernia, testicular cancer, infection, or significant heart failure.
144
Hernia, testicular cancer, infection, or significant heart failure can cause what condition?
Scrotal edema
145
What is genital herpes?
A common sexually transmitted infection marked by genital pain and sores.
146
What causes genital herpes?
Caused by the herpes simplex virus.
147
T/F - Genital herpes can affect males and females?
True
148
What appears first in genital herpes?
Pain, itching, and small sores appear first. They form ulcers and scabs.
149
Can the genital herpes virus go dormant?
Yes, after the initial infection
150
What is a common sexually transmitted infection with characteristic small bumps on the genitals.
Genital warts
151
What causes genital warts and is it a bacteria or virus?
HPV - virus
152
What are sexually transmitted infections caused by a bacteria?
Chancroid and syphilus
153
What kind of sores characterize the condition of chancroid?
Painful necrotizing genital ulcers that may be accompanied by inguinal lymphadenopathy
154
Is chancroid curable?
Yes, with an antibiotic.
155
What is the difference between syphilis and chancroid?
A chancre is a symptom of syphilis while chancroid is a completely different STI caused by a different bacteria. They are both STIs caused by bacteria that result in ulcers on the genitalia.
156
What is the valsalva maneuver and what does it check for?
Exhaling against a closed glottis to mimic bearing down to test for a hernia.
157
T/F - Absence of bulge does not guarantee absence of a hernia.
True
158
What type of hernia is less common?
Femoral hernia
159
At what age and how often should males start palpating their testicles?
- From 13 to 14 years old through adulthood.
- Monthly.
160
Where is the best place for males to palpate their testicles?
In the shower
161
T/F - Screening for prostate cancer (PSAs) is considered a good indicator for prostate cancer as it ever was.
False. It is not considered as good an indicator for prostate cancer as it was before.
162
Is HPV transmitted sexually?
Yes
163
What sexually transmitted virus can linger in a woman’s cervix and can cause changes that may eventually lead to cervical cancer?
HPV
164
Why is the HPV vaccine recommended for girls and women before they start having sex?
Because it is not effective if the individual is already infected with HPV.
165
The HPV vaccine is how many doses spaced how far apart?
A series of 2 injections with 2nd dose given 6-12 months after initial
166
What is galactorrhea?
A milky nipple discharge unrelated to the normal milk production of breast-feeding.
167
T/F - Galactorrhea isn't a disease, but could be a sign of an underlying problem.
True
168
What is hidradenitis?
A condition that causes small, painful lumps to form under the skin
169
What is lymphadenopathy?
Swelling of the lymph nodes
170
What is mastitis?
An inflammation of breast tissue that sometimes involves an infection. Most commonly affects women who are breast-feeding (lactation mastitis).
