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Health Assessment > Exam III Reproductive > Flashcards

Exam III Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What do neonates have as a result of estrogen when they’re born?

A

Engorged external genitalia and enlarged breasts.

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2
Q

What are the first signs of puberty in females?

A

Breast development and pubic hair

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3
Q

Increase in vaginal secretions coincides with what during puberty?

A

Ovulation

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4
Q

How does the uterus change soon after a missed periodwhen pregnant?

A

The uterus enlarges

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5
Q

What happens to the cervical and vaginal secretions during pregnancy?

A

Increase

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6
Q

How does the pH balance change during pregnancy?

A

Acidic pH protects against bacteria

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7
Q

What makes a pregnant woman more prone to yeast infections (Candidiasis)?

A

Increased glycogen production

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8
Q

What changes occur in the uterus from aging and lack of sexual activity?

A

Vagina atrophies to one-half its former length and width and becomes shorter, narrower, and less elastic.

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9
Q

What happens to vaginal secretions with aging?

A

Vagina gets dry and at risk for irritation and pain with intercourse (dyspareunia)

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10
Q

What happens to vaginal pH with aging?

A

Vaginal pH becomes more alkaline with an accompanying increased risk for infection.

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11
Q

What does decreased glycogen production in aging mean to the vagina?

A

Fewer yeast infections

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12
Q

What are the terms for female circumcision?

A

Female circumcision
Infibulation
Female genital mutilation

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13
Q

What is removed in female circumcision?

A

Remove clitoris and sometimes labia.

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14
Q

T/F - Timing of puberty onset is not influenced by genetic and environmental factors in some cultures.

A

False

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15
Q

T/F - Obesity contributes to early onset of puberty

A

True

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16
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain during your period

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17
Q

T/F - When completing an assessment regarding reproduction, start with general and work to specific questions.

A

True

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18
Q

What is primary amenorrhea?

A

Primary – amenorrhea before onset of menstruation

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19
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Absence of menstruation

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20
Q

What is menarche?

A

First occurence of your period.

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21
Q

What is secondary amenorrhea?

A

Amenorrhea during pregnancy, lactation,menopause, or BMI below 18

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22
Q

What percentage of women have dysmenorrhea?

A

50%

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23
Q

What is menses?

A

Monthly flow of bloody fluid from uterus

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24
Q

What is menopause?

A

12 consecutive months of no menstruation usually between ages 48-55

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25
Q

Menstruation is measured from what point in the cycle to what point?

A

From the first day of one menses to the first day of the next menses.

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26
Q

What are these symptoms of?

Tenderness, tingling, or increased size of breasts
Urinary frequency
Nausea and vomiting
Easy fatiged

A

Pregnancy

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27
Q

At what point in pregnancy would you feel/sense the fetus?

A

About 20 weeks

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28
Q

In what condition is there:
- Interruption in fluora
- Not contagious unless immunocompromised
- Discharge gray, thin white with odor
- No disruption of vulva and vagina
- Treated with antibiotics

A

Bacterial vaginosis

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29
Q

What condition is marked by:

  • Normal fluora in vagina is off (from frequent douching, antibiotic use)
  • White thick curdy, itching, treated with antifungal, topical or oral or both
  • Diet, some dairy, high alcohol, high sugar can contribute to the condition
A

Yeast infection

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30
Q

What is a parasite that may be transmitted through sexual contact or the swimming pool
Causes bad odor
Has yellowish green or gray discharge
Is treated with antibiotics

A

Vaginitis - broad term indicating any disease process of the vagina caused by or leading to infection, inflammation, or changes in the normal vaginal flora. Vaginitis is also a broad term but with no inflammation.

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31
Q

How is vaginitis treated?

A

Antibiotics

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32
Q

How is vaginosis treated?

A

Antibiotics

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33
Q

What is yeast infection treated with?

A

An antifungal, topical or oral or both

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34
Q

What is a skin overgrowth that can multiply or drain
Can be removed surgically
Rarely needs treatment or surgery
May be blocked hair follicles

A

Epidermoid cyst

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35
Q

What organs can prolapse after birth?

A

Uterus, vagina, bladder or rectum

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36
Q

What secretes lubricant to keep vagina moist but can become obstructed?

A

Bartholin gland

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37
Q

What condition is relieved by sitz bath and possibly antibiotics?

A

Bartholin gland infection

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38
Q

What are symptoms of the primary stage of Syphilitic Chancre?

A

Primary - A single chancre marks the onset of the primary stage of syphilis, but there may be multiple sores. It appears at the location where syphilis enters the body.

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39
Q

What are symptoms of the secondary stage of Syphilitic Chancre?

A

Secondary syphilis may have flu-like symptoms, rash, warts but can become latent and patient never knows they have it and can pass it on.

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40
Q

What is tertiary Syphilitic Chancre?

A

Tertiary syphilis can go anywhere in body: heart, eyes, liver, bones, can be fatal.

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41
Q

Venereal warts are cause by what virus.

A

HPV virus

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42
Q

How are venereal warts treated?

A

Topically

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43
Q

Can you treat or cure venereal warts?

A

Treat

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44
Q

What are symptoms of venereal warts?

A

Warts on labia, painless growth, itching or bleeding, flow of urine might change (sideways)

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45
Q

Do venereal warts go away?

A
  • Most go away after 2 years
  • 1 in 10 will suffer lifelong chronic issues
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46
Q

Are genital herpes a bacteria or virus?

A

A virus

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47
Q

What do genital herpes look like?

A

Shallow ulcers.

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48
Q

How are genital herpes spread?

A

Through sexual contact and/or sharing utensils

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49
Q

Can genital herpes be transmitted if asymptomatic?

A

Yes

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50
Q

What is the usual treatment for genital herpes?

A

Two weeks of antiviral to heal but can have for life and take the antiviral, acyclovir for life with no problems.

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51
Q

What two muscles lie posterior to the breast?

A

Pectoralis major and serratus anterior

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52
Q

Between what two ribs does the breast lie?

A

2nd and 6th

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53
Q

What is the projection on the breast through which milk flows?

A

Nipple

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54
Q

What is the area around the nipple that contains glands that secrete lubricant for lactation?

A

Areola

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55
Q

What are the glands on the areola that secrete protective lipid material during lactation?

A

Montgomery’s glands

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56
Q

What type of glands are Montgomery’s?

A

Sebaceous

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57
Q

Toward what direction do the breast lymph glands drain?

A

Toward the axilla

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58
Q

What part of the breast produces milk and what part determines the size of the breast?

A

Glands produce milk and the fat cells determine size.

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59
Q

What do normal lymph glands feel like?

A

Should be soft, pliable, movable

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60
Q

What do abnormal lymph glands feel like?

A

Abnormal lymph nodes are hard, fixed.

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61
Q

If a lymph node is painful on palpation, where do you look for infection?

A

Proximal

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62
Q

What are the four quadrants of the breast?

A
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63
Q

What is the sight of most breast cancers?

A

Upper outer quadrant is site of most breast tumors and abnormalities; more glandular tissue

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64
Q

What stimulates breast changes during puberty?

A

Estrogen

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65
Q

How are the five stages of breast development correlated?

A

With Tanner Staging

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66
Q

T/F - The beginning of breast development precedes menarche by about 2 years.

A

True

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67
Q

Breast development usually begins on an average between what ages?

A

8 and 10

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68
Q

Breast changes start during what month of pregnancy?

A

second

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69
Q

During what month might a pregnant woman express colostrum?

A

Four months

70
Q

What is the thick yellow fluid that is precursor for milk and what does it contain?

A

Colostrum. Containing same amount of protein and lactose as breast milk but practically no fat.

71
Q

What contains the same amount of protein and lactose as breast milk but practically no fat.

A

Colostrum

72
Q

What is milk production called?

A

Lactation

73
Q

When does lactation start after childbirth?

A

Lactation, milk production, begins 1 to 3 days postpartum

74
Q

Why is breastfeeding important?

A

Because of colostrum. It is rich with antibodies that protect newborn against infection

75
Q

What changes in the breast occur with aging?

A
  • Lost subcutaneous tissue
  • Decreased breast size due to fewer lobules
  • Atrophy of glandular tissue makes inner structures more prominent
76
Q

When aging, the atrophy of glandular tissue makes what more prominant?

A

Inner structures which might reveal a lump that had been there.

77
Q

Around the nipple, what happens to the lactiferous ducts during aging?

A

More palpable, firm and stringy because of fibrosis and calcification.

78
Q

T/F - Axillary hair increases with aging.

A

False, axillary hair decreases with aging

79
Q

What is gynecomastia?

A

During adolescence, it’s common for breast tissue to temporarily enlarge in males.

80
Q

What might reappear in aging male and may be due to testosterone deficiency?

A

Gynecomastia - breast enlargement

81
Q

Around what age to men start to get diagnosed with breast cancer?

A

Around 72 years of age

82
Q

What four views should you use to view the breast on an assessment?

A

Four views:

Arms at sides
Arms over head
Arms pressed against hips
Leaning forward

83
Q

Normal nipple inversion may be unilateral or bilateral?

A

Can be both

84
Q

If a nipple changes to inversion, what should be recommended?

A

Further assessment

85
Q

What is a supernumerary nipple?

A

An extra nipple that appears on milk line

86
Q

What is a supranumerary nipple usually mistaken for?

A

A mole

87
Q

T/F - A supranumerary nipple is pathologic

A

False, it is not pathologic

88
Q

What are the three methods used to do a breast exam?

A
  • Vertical strip pattern currently recommended to detect a breast mass.
    Two other patterns are in common use:
  • From the nipple palpating out to periphery as if following spokes on a wheel
  • Palpating in concentric circles out to periphery
89
Q

What position for a provider is best to do a breast exam?

A

Best when breast tissue flattened – place in supine position

90
Q

Uneven texture in breast is called what?

A

Physiologic nodularity or fibrocystic breast

91
Q

Are fibrocystic breasts normal?

A

Yes.

92
Q

Are fibrocystic breasts unilateral or bilateral?

A

Often bilateral

93
Q

When are fibrocystic breasts often detected?

A

May increase before menses– check a week after or before.

94
Q

What can cause the lymph nodes in the axilla to be soft and movable?

A

Shaving or blocked hair ducts

95
Q

T/F - Lymph nodes that are hard, fixed and enlarged is normal.

A

False

96
Q

Benign breast disease is another term for what?

A

Fibrocystic breast disease

97
Q

What is a fibroadenoma?

A

Common benign tumors made from overgrowth of CT and glandular breast tissue. Fibroadenoma is a benign breast tumor, can be thought of as a condition that resides somewhere between fibrocystic changes and breast cancer.

98
Q

What do fibroadenomas do after menopause?

A

Shrink

99
Q

What do fibroadenomas feel like on palpation?

A

Fluid filled, round movable lumps, easily circumscribed.

100
Q

Can fibroadenomas grow during menses?

A

Yes.

101
Q

What are the following indicative of?

  • Nipple retraction
  • Dimpling
  • Fixation
  • Edema (peaux d’orange)
  • Deviation in nipple pointing
A

Abnormal breast findings

102
Q

In edema of the breast, what two characteristics are present?

A

Orange skin
See the pores

103
Q

What is Padget’s disease of the breast?

A

A rare plaque that forms above the cancer in the breast.

104
Q

5-year survival rate for localized breast cancer has increased to what?

A

98%

105
Q

Women who inherit the mutations of BRCA1 and BRACA2 on one or both sides are at an increased risk for developing what two types of cancer?

A

Breast or ovarian cancer

106
Q

T/F - Age and ethnicity variables contribute different risks to breast cancer.

A

True

107
Q

There is link between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the development of what?

A

Breast cancer

108
Q

Mammography screening is recommended for women over what age?

A

40

109
Q

The best time to conduct a breast self exam is when? Why?

A

When breasts are smallest and least congested.

110
Q

Advise pregnant or menopausal woman not having menstrual periods to do what to examine her breasts each month?

A

Pick a familiar date monthly

111
Q

Which three manners of breast self exam should women use?

A

In front of the mirror, lying down, in the shower

112
Q

Self-examination will familiarize woman with what?

A

Their own breasts and their normal variation.

113
Q

What two areas of lymph nodes drain the male genitalia?

A

The inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes which means the testes drain into the abdomen.

114
Q

Which testicle sits lower?

A

Left testes usually lies lower than right because of sperm production and testosterone

115
Q

What is the meatus?

A

The opening where urine leaves the body in the penis.

116
Q

What can damage the meatus in infants?

A

Contact with urine in the diaper.

117
Q

T/F - Are testes normally descended and equal in size bilaterally?

A

True

118
Q

If you don’t feel both testes what should you have the child do?

A
  • Ask toddler or child to squat with knees flexed up
  • Have child sit cross-legged to relax reflex
119
Q

First sign of puberty in a male?

A

First - enlargement of testes
Second - pubic hair appears
Third - Penis size increases.

120
Q

What is Gynecomastia?

A

An increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. It can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.

121
Q

What is a condition that causes an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone.

A

Gynocomastia

122
Q

Developmental changes in the male genitalia with aging include what four things?

A
  • Testicular tissue mass decreases
  • Andropause - level of testosterone decreases
  • Gynecomastia
  • Age-related changes in the vascular system decrease level of sensation and may inhibit erectile function
123
Q

Men continue to make sperm until what age?

A

80 years

124
Q

When does male sperm production start to decline?

A

After 40 years of age

125
Q

What is andropause?

A

Andropause - level of testosterone decreases

126
Q

What may be the cause of Inguinal pain or swelling in males?

A

Inguinal hernia

127
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles

128
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Prostate gland enlargement

129
Q

What two conditions can cause problems with urination?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or cancer.

130
Q

T/F - Benign prostatic hyperplasia is considered a normal condition of aging?

A

True

131
Q

What is smegma?

A

Normal whitish material evident on the male penis.

132
Q

T/F - Epidermoid cysts are common and benign in men.

A

True

133
Q

T/F - Epidermoid cysts are more common females than males

A

False. More common in males

134
Q

What is Hypospadias?

A

The male urethra doesn’t fully form and the opening of the penis is on the underside of the organ.

135
Q

What is epispadias?

A

The male urethra doesn’t fully form and the opening of the penis is on the top of the organ

136
Q

What is hydrocele in males?

A

A type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle.

137
Q

At what age in males is hydrocele more common?

A

Infants. Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum.

138
Q

What is the condition where herniated intestines pushing through the abdominal cavity also push through the inguinal ring?

A

Scrotal hernia

139
Q

Where does herniated tissue go down into with a scrotal hernia?

A

Into the testes

140
Q

T/F - You can’t get a scrotal hernia from an inguinal hernia

A

False. You can have a scrotal hernia from an inguinal hernia.

141
Q

What cell type of carcinoma occurs on the penis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

142
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma on the penis is the result of what virus?

A

HPV infection

143
Q

Scrotal edema can be related to what four conditions?

A

Hernia, testicular cancer, infection, or significant heart failure.

144
Q

Hernia, testicular cancer, infection, or significant heart failure can cause what condition?

A

Scrotal edema

145
Q

What is genital herpes?

A

A common sexually transmitted infection marked by genital pain and sores.

146
Q

What causes genital herpes?

A

Caused by the herpes simplex virus.

147
Q

T/F - Genital herpes can affect males and females?

A

True

148
Q

What appears first in genital herpes?

A

Pain, itching, and small sores appear first. They form ulcers and scabs.

149
Q

Can the genital herpes virus go dormant?

A

Yes, after the initial infection

150
Q

What is a common sexually transmitted infection with characteristic small bumps on the genitals.

A

Genital warts

151
Q

What causes genital warts and is it a bacteria or virus?

A

HPV - virus

152
Q

What are sexually transmitted infections caused by a bacteria?

A

Chancroid and syphilus

153
Q

What kind of sores characterize the condition of chancroid?

A

Painful necrotizing genital ulcers that may be accompanied by inguinal lymphadenopathy

154
Q

Is chancroid curable?

A

Yes, with an antibiotic.

155
Q

What is the difference between syphilis and chancroid?

A

A chancre is a symptom of syphilis while chancroid is a completely different STI caused by a different bacteria. They are both STIs caused by bacteria that result in ulcers on the genitalia.

156
Q

What is the valsalva maneuver and what does it check for?

A

Exhaling against a closed glottis to mimic bearing down to test for a hernia.

157
Q

T/F - Absence of bulge does not guarantee absence of a hernia.

A

True

158
Q

What type of hernia is less common?

A

Femoral hernia

159
Q

At what age and how often should males start palpating their testicles?

A
  • From 13 to 14 years old through adulthood.
  • Monthly.
160
Q

Where is the best place for males to palpate their testicles?

A

In the shower

161
Q

T/F - Screening for prostate cancer (PSAs) is considered a good indicator for prostate cancer as it ever was.

A

False. It is not considered as good an indicator for prostate cancer as it was before.

162
Q

Is HPV transmitted sexually?

A

Yes

163
Q

What sexually transmitted virus can linger in a woman’s cervix and can cause changes that may eventually lead to cervical cancer?

A

HPV

164
Q

Why is the HPV vaccine recommended for girls and women before they start having sex?

A

Because it is not effective if the individual is already infected with HPV.

165
Q

The HPV vaccine is how many doses spaced how far apart?

A

A series of 2 injections with 2nd dose given 6-12 months after initial

166
Q

What is galactorrhea?

A

A milky nipple discharge unrelated to the normal milk production of breast-feeding.

167
Q

T/F - Galactorrhea isn’t a disease, but could be a sign of an underlying problem.

A

True

168
Q

What is hidradenitis?

A

A condition that causes small, painful lumps to form under the skin

169
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Swelling of the lymph nodes

170
Q

What is mastitis?

A

An inflammation of breast tissue that sometimes involves an infection. Most commonly affects women who are breast-feeding (lactation mastitis).

Health Assessment (7 decks)

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