EXAM III - Eyes

Question 1

Strabizmus

Answer 1

Misalignment of the eyes (cross-eyed

Question 2

Normal constriction of pupil when bright light shines on retina

Answer 2

Pupillary Light Reflex

Question 3

Simultaneous constriction of the other pupil with pupillary light reflex

Answer 3

Consensual Light Reflex (from CN II and III)

Question 4

What is it called when the eye adapts for near vision

Answer 4

Accommodation

Question 5

What CN forms the retina?

Answer 5

CN II (Optic)

Question 6

Does the retina have regenerate?

Answer 6

No. It’s made of neurons and can’t regenerate

Question 7

What structure of the eye has nerve cells that are responsible for color vision and translating visual images into stimuli that the brain can interpret?

Answer 7

The retina

Question 8

What structure of the eye is normally yellow, circular, clearly defined borders?

Answer 8

Optic disk

Question 9

What is the optometrist looking at when he dilates the eye?

Answer 9

Looks at blood vessels to ensure perfusion

Question 10

What structure of the eye has the vessels leading from it that perfuse the retina?

Answer 10

Optic disk

Question 11

When look at eyes, looking for what with increased ICP that will cause changes in retina?

Answer 11

Papilledema

Question 12

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

Answer 12

In the upper outer corner over eye

Question 13

What gland secretes tears?

Answer 13

The lacrimal gland

Question 14

How do tears drain from the eye?

Answer 14

Drain into puncta, on upper and lower lids at inner canthus.
Then drain into nasolacrimal sac, through ½-inch-long nasolacrimal duct, and empty into inferior meatus inside nose.

Question 15

How many muscles attach to the eye?

Answer 15

six

Question 16

What is it called when eyes are coordinated to ensure that when two eyes move, their axes always remain parallel?

Answer 16

Conjugate movement

Question 17

What CNs control eye movement?

Answer 17

Cranial nerve VI: abducens nerve, innervates lateral rectus muscle, which abducts eye (look at the ears)
Cranial nerve IV: trochlear nerve, innervates superior oblique muscle (look at the nose)
Cranial nerve III: oculomotor nerve, innervates all the rest: the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and the inferior
(looks all over)

Question 18

Which CN is damaged?

Answer 18

VI damaged because can’t offset IV

Question 19

What are the three layers of the eye?

Answer 19

• Outer fibrous sclera
• Middle vascular choroid
• Inner nervous retina

Question 20

The sclera is continuous with what structure in the eye?

Answer 20

Continuous anteriorly with smooth, transparent cornea, which covers iris and pupil

Question 21

What is the tough, protective, white covering of the eye?

Answer 21

The sclera

Question 22

What structure in the eye is part of refracting media of eye, bending incoming light rays so that they will be focused on inner retina?

Answer 22

Cornea

Question 23

What is the corneal reflex?

Answer 23

Contact with a wisp of cotton stimulates a blink in both eyes

Question 24

In the corneal reflex, what CN carries the sensory (afferent) signal to the brain and which CN brings the efferent message to blink the eyes?

Answer 24

Trigeminal carries afferent (V)
Facial carries efferent (VII)

Question 25

Pressure on what CN causes a lot of pain?

Answer 25

Trigeminal (V)

Question 26

What structure of the eye has dark pigmentation to prevent light from reflecting internally and is heavily vascularized to deliver blood to retina

Answer 26

The choroid

Question 27

What structure of the eye functions as a diaphragm, varying opening at its center, the pupil to control amount of light admitted into retina?

Answer 27

Iris

Question 28

What does the iris do for near vision and for far vision/for bright light and for dim?

Answer 28

Contracts for near vision/bright light; dilates for far vision/dim light

Question 29

Bright light/near vision make the iris do what?

Answer 29

Contract

Question 30

How does the iris adjust to dim light/far vision?

Answer 30

Dilates

Question 31

Stimulation by the parasympathetic NS causes the pupil to do what?

Answer 31

Contract

Question 32

Stimulation by the sympathetic NS causes the pupil to do what?

Answer 32

Dilate

Question 33

What is the most commonly used and accurate measure of visual acuity?

Answer 33

The Snellen Eye Chart

Question 34

How far from the Snellen Eye chart does a patient stand?

Answer 34

20 feet

Question 35

When performing a visual acuity check using the Snellen Eye chart, what should the patient do with their regular and/or reading glasses and/or contact lenses?

Answer 35

Leave contact lenses and regular glasses on Take reading glasses off

Question 36

What is presbyopia?

Answer 36

Loss of near vision as we age

Question 37

What is it called when normally transparent fibers of lens begin to thicken and yellow?

Answer 37

Cataracts

Question 38

What causes presbyopia?

Answer 38

Lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and glasslike, which decreases ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision.

Question 39

What are three conditions that affect visual acuity in older adults?

Answer 39

Cataract formation Glaucoma Macular degeneration

Question 40

What is glaucoma?

Answer 40

Increased intraocular pressure

Question 41

What is macular degeneration?

Answer 41

Breakdown of cells in macula of retina; loss of central vision is most common cause of blindness; person is unable to read fine print, sew, or do fine work; loss of central vision may cause great distress.

Question 42

In what condition do protein fibers begin to clump together creating a cloudy appearance?

Answer 42

Cataracts

Question 43

What condition is devoid of symptoms until significant and irreversible optic nerve injury has occurred; typically has gradual loss of peripheral vision?

Answer 43

Primary open-angle glaucoma

Question 44

What area of keenest vision is absent at birth but mature by 8 months?

Answer 44

The macula

Question 45

By what age can an infant fixate on a single image with both eyes simultaneously?

Answer 45

3-4 months

Question 46

At birth, what examination is usually postponed?

Answer 46

The eye exam

Question 47

What do OD and OS mean?

Answer 47

OD right eye OS left eye