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Anatomy > Exam III - Abdomen > Flashcards

Exam III - Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the Abdominal/Peritoneal Cavity

A

Superior - inferior thoracic aperture closed by diaphragm

Inferior - pelvic inlet

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions the abdominal cavity serves

A

House and protect the viscera
Breathing
Change in Pressure

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3
Q

What is Valsalva

A

when a person forcibly exhales while keeping their mouth/nose closed

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4
Q

What does Valsalva do

A

increases pressure in thorax
decreases blood return
Can dislodge clots

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5
Q

What are the muscular boundaries of the Abdomen

A

Quadratus Lumborum’
Iliacus
Psoas Major and Minor
Rectus Abdominis

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6
Q

What are the regions of the Abdomen

A 
Right and Left Hypochondriac
Right and Left Lumbar
Right and Left Iliac
Epigastric
Umbilical 
hypogastric
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7
Q

What are some important dermatomes of the Abdominal Wall

A

T7 - xiphoid
T10 - Umbilicus
T12 - Suprapubic
L1 - upper medial thigh and genitalia

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8
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep

A 
Skin
Camper's fascia
Scarpa's fascia
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis 
Transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fascia
parietal peritoneum
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9
Q

Scarpa’s fascia

A

Fuses with medial linea alba
Also fuses with Fascia lata inferior to inguinal ligament
no fat
complete membranous layer

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10
Q

Camper’s fascia

A

fatty layer

runs over inguinal ligament

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11
Q

Oblique Muscles

A

External obliques
Internal obliques
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

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12
Q

Anterior Abdominal Wall contents

A 
External oblique
Rectus sheath
Umbilicus
Linea alba
Inguinal Ligament
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13
Q

What is the Rectus sheath?

A

sheath that wraps around the entirety of the anterior abdominal wall

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14
Q

Rectus Sheath above the umbilical region

A

Transversus abdominis and Internal obliques are posterior to Rectus Abdominis
Form the posterior wall

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15
Q

Rectus Sheath below the umbilical region

A

ALL muscles are anterior to rectus abdominis

Sheath is much weaker here

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16
Q

Where is the Inguinal/Iliac Region

A

at the junction of the Anterior Abdominal Wall and Thigh

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17
Q

What are the borders of the inguinal canal

A

Anterior - external oblique
Posterior - Transversalis fascia
Roof - internal oblique, transversus aponeurosis

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18
Q

What are the contents of the Inguinal Canal?

A 
Spermatic chord/Round ligament
Superficial ring in external oblique aponeurosis
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Internal oblique muscle
Inguinal ligament
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19
Q

Where do the spermatic walls originate from

A

the abdomen

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20
Q

Where do the testes originate from

A

the Kidneys

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21
Q

How do anterior abdominal hernias occur?

A

when pressure builds within the body

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22
Q

What hernia is more typical in infants

A

Umbilical hernia

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23
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia

A

Loop of bowels that end up within the scrotum

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24
Q

Direct inguinal hernia

A

Loop of bowels that sit on top of the testes

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25
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands within the mouth

A

Parotid (largest)
Sublingual
Submandibular

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26
Q

Where does the esophagus run

A

exits out of the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm to the abdomen
along with the Vagus nerve

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27
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

large apron of folded peritoneum made up of visceral fat

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28
Q

What does the greater omentum attach to>

A

greater curvature of the stomach

posterior wall

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the greater omentum

A

absorb fluid in the abdomen

stick in areas of infection or surgery

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30
Q

What is Caulfat

A

greater omentum from an animal that is eaten

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31
Q

What connects the lesser omentum

A

hypogastric ligament from lesser curvature of stomach to the liver
hepatoduodenal ligament from duodenum to liver

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32
Q

What are mesenteries

A

folds that attach organs to the posterior wall

are continuous with parietal and visceral peritoneum

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33
Q

Two types of mesenteries

A

intraperitoneal

retroperitoneal

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34
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

includes small intestine and gall bladder

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35
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

includes kidney and aorta

not in peritoneal cavity

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36
Q

3 muscle layers of the stomach

A

Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
Oblique layer

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37
Q

Smooth muscle tissue of stomach

A

All muscle layers
Rugae
Pyloric sphincter

38
Q

What is a Hiatal Hernia

A

when the stomach pushes up through the esophageal hiatis

39
Q

symptoms of hiatal hernia

A 
chest pain
gastroesophogeal reflux (gerd)
40
Q

3 Parts of Small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

41
Q

Where does the descending portion of the duodenum receive input from

A

accessory organs

ex. pancreas, gall bladder, liver

42
Q

What connects the duodenum

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

43
Q

Jejunum

A

thick walls
long vasa rectae
small arcades
little fat

44
Q

ileum

A 
connects to colon
thin walls
short vasa rectae
long arcades 
lot of fat
45
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

lymph node on ileum and jejunum that helps to discriminate good and bad bacteria
more abundant on ileum

46
Q

where do most bowel obstructions occur

A

at the ileocecal junction

47
Q

What is the ileocecal junction

A

site where the ileum meets the cecum

48
Q

diverticulosis

A

infection of the taenia coli

49
Q

parts of the colon

A 
Appendix
Cecum
Ascending portion
Transverse portion
Descending portion
Sigmoid portion
Hepatic and Splenic flexures
Rectum
50
Q

What is the largest organ of the body

A

Liver

51
Q

Where does the liver lie

A

within the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions

52
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to anterior wall

also divides liver into right and left lobes

53
Q

Why is the liver important

A

all blood from the gut first passes through here via the hepatic portal vein

54
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver

A

Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

55
Q

Which lobe of liver is medial to the gall bladder

A

Quadrate

56
Q

What are some diseases of the liver

A

Jaundice
Ascites
Bilirubin
Cirrhosis

57
Q

What is Ascites

A

“Weeping liver”

when the liver drips fluids into other organs or cavities below

58
Q

what is bilirubin

A

liver disease causing broken down red blood cells

59
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

caused from drinking too much

sears the liver

60
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder

A

receives, concentrates and stores bile

61
Q

What path does bile take in the gall bladder

A

Released
Cystic duct
Bile duct

62
Q

what is the portal triad

A

group of vessels that runs from the liver, inferiorly to the intestines

63
Q

what is included in the portal triad

A

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
common bile duct

64
Q

Where is the pancreas found

A

in the retroperitoneal

65
Q

What structures are found within the retroperitoneal

A 
Suprarenal gland
Aorta and inferior vena cava
Duodenum (2nd and 3rd parts)
Pancreas (no tail)
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus 
Rectum
66
Q

what functions does the pancreas have

A

endocrine and exocrine function

67
Q

What is the hypochondrium

A

the upper left quadrant of spleen that is deep to the stomach

68
Q

What can cause the spleen to enlarge

A

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Infection
Portal hypertension

69
Q

What are the anterior arteries/branches of the abdomen

A

Celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
left common iliac artery

70
Q

What organs are included in the foregut of abdomen

A 
Liver
Spleen
Stomach
Duodenum
Pancreas
71
Q

What supplies the foregut

A

Celiac Trunk

72
Q

organs of the midgut

A

Jejunum
ileum
2/3 of colons

73
Q

what supplies the midgut

A

superior mesenteric artery

74
Q

organs of hindgut

A

splenic flexure to rectum

75
Q

what supplies the hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric artery

76
Q

What is portal hypertension

A

when capillary blood runs into the esophagus;
occurs within the esophageal varices
leads to hemorrhoids

77
Q

What is included in the veins of the abdomen

A

hepatic portal vein
superior mesenteric vein
splenic vein
inferior mesenteric vein

78
Q

Nerves of the posterior wall

A

iliohypogastric nerve
ilioinguinal nerve
genitofemoral nerve

79
Q

muscles of posterior abdominal wall

A

Psoas muscles
quadratus lumborum
iliacus

80
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

Left at rib 11

Right at rib 12

81
Q

What is the Hilum

A

entrance and exit of all structures to kidneys

82
Q

What drains the kidneys

A

the ureters

83
Q

what is the renal pelvis

A

structure that collects all fluids from renal calyces within kidney

84
Q

Two parts of Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

85
Q

Purpose of sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”

catabolic - to expend energy

86
Q

Purpose of parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest”

homeostasis

87
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do

A

regulate motility, secretions, and blood flow

88
Q

2 parts of enteric nervous system

A

Myenteric plexus

Submucosal plexus

89
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

helps to squeeze the gut

90
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

secretions and micro-circulation

Anatomy (15 decks)

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