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Embryo > Exam II Organogenetic Period > Flashcards

Exam II Organogenetic Period Flashcards

1
Q

During the organogenetic period, ____ organ systems begin to develop.

A

All of the main

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2
Q

Exposure of embryos to ____ during the organogenetic period may cause major congenital anomalies.

A

Teratogens

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3
Q

By ____ week, the embryo has a distinctly human appearance.

A

8th

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4
Q

The 3 phases of man development during the organogenetic period are:

A
  1. Growth
  2. Morphogenesis
  3. Differentiation
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5
Q

During folding of the embryo, flat ____ becomes a cylindrical embryo.

A

Trilaminar disc

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6
Q

Folding of the embryo results from rapid growth of mostly what organs?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Simultaneous embryo folding occurs in ____ and ____ planes.

A

Median and horizontal

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8
Q

Head and tail folds cause the cranial and caudal regions to move ____ as the embryo elongates.

A

Ventrally

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9
Q

Head fold starts at the beginning of week ____.

A

4

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10
Q

Neural folds in the cranial region form the ____.

A

Primordium of the brain

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11
Q

Neural folds grow beyond the ____ membrane.

A

Oropharyngeal

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12
Q

The developing ____ grows cranially beyond the oropharyngeal membrane and over hands the developing heart.

A

Forebrain

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13
Q

At the head fold, the primordial heart and the ____ membrane move onto the ventral surface of the embryo.

A

Oropharyngeal

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14
Q

Differentiation of the gut occurs during the ____ fold.

A

Head

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15
Q

Part of the ____ of the umbilical vesicle is incorporated into the embryo as the foregut.

A

Endoderm

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16
Q

The foregut is between the ____ and the ____.

A

Brain and heart

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17
Q

Foregut is separated from the ____ by the oropharyngeal membrane.

A

Stomodeum

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18
Q

Foregut is the primordium of ____, ____, and ____.

A

Pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

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19
Q

The septum transversum is your ____.

A

Diaphragm, formed at day 21.

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20
Q

Stomodeum is the beginning of the ____.

A

Mouth

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21
Q

Foregut structures supplied by the celiac trunk include:

A

Esophagus, stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum (proximal portion)

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22
Q

Which portion of the duodenum is located in the foregut?

A

Proximal portion

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23
Q

Celiac trunk is a branch of the ____ aorta.

A

Abdominal

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24
Q

Tail folding caused by the growth of the distal end of the ____ tube.

A

Neural

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25
Q

Neural tube is the primordial structure for the ____.

A

Spinal cord

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26
Q

As the embryo grows the tail regions grows beyond the ____ membrane.

A

Cloacal membrane

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27
Q

The cloacal membrane is the future site of the ____.

A

Anus

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28
Q

During tail folding, part of the endoderm becomes the ____.

A

Hindgut

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29
Q

Stomodeum is the beginning of the ____.

A

Mouth

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30
Q

The end of the hindgut dilates to form the ____.

A

Cloaca

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31
Q

The cloaca forms the ____ & ____.

A

Urinary bladder & rectum

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32
Q

The cloaca functions to excrete ____.

A

Waste products

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33
Q

The ____ has now shifted to the ventral surface of the embryo.

A

Connecting stalk

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34
Q

The connecting stalk is the premordium of the ____.

A

Umbilical cord

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35
Q

The ____ is partly incorporated into the embryo at tail folding.

A

Allantois

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36
Q

The ____ is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery and consists of: descending colon, sigmoid colon, 1/2 transverse colon, and rectum.

A

Hindgut

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37
Q

Lateral folding of the embryo is theorized to result from ____ of the somites.

A

Rapid growth

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38
Q

As the right and left lateral folds fold toward the median plane, the edges of the embryonic disc roll ventrally forming a ____ embryo.

A

Cylindrical shaped

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39
Q

At lateral folding, the ____ cavity enlarges, covering the connecting stalk.

A

Amniotic

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40
Q

Amniotic cavity becomes the ____ at lateral folding.

A

Umbilical cord

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41
Q

The umbilical cord obliterates the extraembryonic coelom at what folding?

A

Lateral folding

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42
Q

____ somites present at the beginning of week 4.

A

3 somites

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43
Q

Somatopleure is the body wall composed of the ____ layer of a serous membrane from the somatic mesoderm covered by embryonic ectoderm.

A

Parietal layer

44
Q

Lateral folds create the ____ and ____.

A

Midgut and yolk stalk (omphaloenteric or viteline duct)

45
Q

Fusion of the lateral folds forms the ____.

A

Abdominal walls

46
Q

The yolk stalk is a connection between the midgut and the umbilical vesicle formed by ____ folding.

A

Lateral

47
Q

The yolk stalk constricts forming omphaloenteric duct or vitelline duct forms the ____.

A

GI tract

48
Q

Midgut supplied by the ____ artery.

A

Superior mesenteric

49
Q

Ileum and jejunum are located in which intestines?

A

Small

50
Q

Midgut is composed of 3rd and 4th parts of duodenum, ascending colon, 1.2 transverse colon, cecum, ileum, jejunum, and appendix

A

See front

51
Q

The 3 germ layers consist of:

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

52
Q

The 3 germ layers are formed during gastrulation giving rise to the primordial of ____.

A

All tissues and organs

53
Q

The cells of each germ layer divide, migrate, aggregate, and differentiate in rather precise patterns as they form the various organ systems. This is called ____.

A

Organogenesis

54
Q

Embryonic development results from ____ in the chromosomes.

A

Genetic plans

55
Q

Developmental processes depend on a coordinated interaction of ____ and ____ factors.

A

Genetic and environmental

56
Q

Development of 1 tissues signals another to ___ or ___ developing.

A

Develop or stop

57
Q

Control of embryonic development understanding is constantly ____.

A

Evolving

58
Q

Scientists spend ____ studying the development of a single organ system.

A

Careers

59
Q

At week 4, embryo begins as a ____ has 4-12 somites that produce visible surface elevations.

A

Flat disc

60
Q

At week 4, the neural tube has formed but is open at the ____ and ____ ends.

A

Rostrum and caudal

61
Q

At week 4, openings at either end are called ____.

A

Neuropores

62
Q

At week 4 (24-25), head and tail begin ____.

A

Folding

63
Q

At week 4 (24-25), Pharyngeal arches ____ due to folding.

A

Appear

64
Q

At week 4 (24-25), Rostrum neuropore ____.

A

Closes

65
Q

At week 4 (24-25), Optic placodes (premordium of the ear) is ____.

A

Present

66
Q

At week 4 (24-25), Optic vesicles (premordium of the eye) are ____.

A

Formed

67
Q

At week 4 (24-25), Early heart produces a ____ ventral prominence and pumps blood.

A

Large

68
Q

At week 4 (26-27), Upper limb buds ____.

A

Appear

69
Q

At week 4 (26-27), Caudal neuropore ____.

A

Closes

70
Q

At week 4 (26-27), ____ pairs of pharyngeal arches present.

A

3

71
Q

At week 4 (26-27), Otic pits ____.

A

Present

72
Q

At week 4 (26-27), heart prominence ____.

A

Distinct

73
Q

At week 4 (28-30), ____ placodes appear

A

Lens

74
Q

At week 4 (28-30), otic vesicle ____.

A

Present

75
Q

Embryo is ____-shaped.

A

C

76
Q

Upper limb looks like a ____.

A

Flipper

77
Q

At week 4 (28-30) Lower limb bud ____.

A

Present

78
Q

At week 4 (28-30), ____ pharyngeal arches present

A

4

79
Q

At week 4 (28-30), caudal neuropore ____.

A

Closed

80
Q

Development of the pharynx and pharyngeal apparatus is induced by the ____ and ____ folds.

A

Head and tail

81
Q

Development of the pharynx and pharyngeal apparatus differentiates the ____ portion of the foregut.

A

Cranial

82
Q

The pharynx and pharyngeal apparatus widens ____ as it joins the stomodeum and narrows as it joins the esophagus.

A

Cranially

83
Q

Pharynx and pharyngeal apparatus are the primordial organizer of the ____ and ____.

A

Head and neck

84
Q

Pharyngeal apparatus is formed by the ____ and ____ folds.

A

Head and lateral

85
Q

Pharyngeal apparatus is used to ___ the embryo as well.

A

Age

86
Q

Pharyngeal apparatus is also known as ____.

A

Brachial apparatus. Brachia = gill slit

87
Q

4 components of the pharyngeal apparatus:

A

Pharyngeal arches (4-6), pouches, (inside), grooves (outside), membranes (between arch and pouch).

88
Q

Carnegie stage 12 occurs at day ____.

A

28

89
Q

Each pharyngeal arch has a core of ____ and is covered externally by ectoderm and internally by endoderm.

A

Mesenchyme

90
Q

Pharyngeal arch mesenchyme is derived from ____ that migrate into the arch during the 4th week.

A

Neural crest cells

91
Q

Pharyngeal arch: myogenic mesoderm from the myotomes of the somites also migrate into each arch and form ____.

A

Muscles

92
Q

Neuroectoderm also grows into each pharyngeal arch to eventually form ____.

A

Nerves

93
Q

Pharyngeal arches 4 and 6 fuse and their cartilages make the ____.

A

Larynx

94
Q

____ pharyngeal arch is not always present and contains no cartilage.

A

5th

95
Q

Occiput does not form from arches, instead it forms from ____.

A

Somites

96
Q

Pharyngeal arch contains an artery from the truncus arteriosus, cartilaginous rod, a cranial from the neuroectoderm, and muscle derived from the somites

A

See front

97
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1 (____)
Nerve: trigeminal
Muscles: mastication
Artery: Maxillary

A

Mandibular (Meckel’s) arch

98
Q 
Pharyngeal arch 2 (\_\_\_\_)
Nerve: facial
Muscles: facial expression
Bone: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn and upper part of body of hyoid
Artery: caroticotympanic (adults)
A

Reichert’s or hyoid arch

99
Q

Pharyngeal arch 3
Nerve: glossopharyngeal
Muscles: stylopharyngeus
Bone: greater horn and lower part of the body of the hyoid
Artery: common carotid and the lower part of the internal carotid

A

See front

100
Q

Pharyngeal arch 4
Nerve: s. Laryngeal nerve from vagus
Muscles: cricothyroid, lavatory veil palatine, pharyngeal constrictors
Bone: laryngeal cartilages
Artery: L-arch of aorta from L common subclavian. R-proximal portion of R subclavian

A

See front

101
Q

Pharyngeal arch 6
Nerve: recurrent laryngeal nerve
Muscles: larynx muscles
Bone: larynx cartilage (along with arch 4)
Artery: L-l pulmonary and ductus arteriosus. R-r pulmonary

A

See front

102
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 1:

A

Tympanic cavity, tubotympanic recess, auditory tube

103
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 2:

A

Tonsils fossa, palatine tonsil

104
Q

Pouch 3:

A

Dorsal part: I parathyroid glands

Ventral part: thymus

105
Q

Pouch 4:

A

Dorsal part: s parathyroid glands

Ventral part: ultimobranchial body (cells that produce calcitonin in the thyroid)

106
Q

Pouch 5:

A

Becomes part of the 4th and helps to form the ultimobranchial body (not everyone agrees that this is separate)

107
Q

Only the ____ membrane and ____ groove contribute to post natal structures, others are obliterated. However, may remain post natal as birth defects.

Membrane: tympanic membrane
Groove(cleft): ext auditory meats

A

First

Embryo (4 decks)

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