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Embryo > Exam II Organogenetic Period Part II > Flashcards

Exam II Organogenetic Period Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Upper limbs appear day ____, lower limbs appear day ____.

A

26, 28

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2
Q

Limb development not complete until week ____.

A

8

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3
Q

Differentiation begins in the ____ of the lateral somatic mesoderm.

A

Mesenchyme

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4
Q

Each limb bud is made up of a ____ core covered by ectoderm.

A

Mesenchymal

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5
Q

The end of each limb bud is covered by a thickening of the ectoderm called the ____.

A

Apical ectoderm ridge

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6
Q

The apical ectodermal ridge produces signaling agents that control ____ development.

A

Limb

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7
Q

Limb buds first appear on the ____ portion of the body walls.

A

Anterior

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8
Q

Upper limb buds develop ____ lower (caudal) cervical somites.

A

Opposite

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9
Q

Limb buds begin slightly ____ than their final location due to cranial development.

A

Lower

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10
Q

Lower limb buds develop ____ the lumbar and upper sacral somites.

A

Opposite

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11
Q

Initially, upper and lower limb bud development is ____ but as development progresses, each become more specialized.

A

The same

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12
Q

Dermatome placement along limb bud has lower cervical ____.

A

Most distally.

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13
Q

Blood vessels and cartilage bone model develop from mesenchyme adjacent to the ____.

A

Apical ectodermal ridge

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14
Q

The apical ectodermal ridges ____ to form hand and foot plates.

A

Flatten

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15
Q

Week ____, the hands precede the feet by a couple of days.

A

5

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16
Q

The mesenchymal tissue in the hand and foot plates ____ to form digital rays.

A

Condense

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17
Q

Digital rays are the primordium of fingers and toes and are present by the end of week ____.

A

6

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18
Q

The apical ectodermal ridge ____ development of bones and the end of each digital rays.

A

Induces

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19
Q

Phalanges form from the apical ectodermal ridge with loose ____ tissue between the phalanges.

A

Mesenchymal

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20
Q

By the ____ week, the mesenchymal tissue between the phalanges deteriorates leaving individual fingers.

A

8th

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21
Q

Development of the appendicular skeleton coincides with mesenchymal tissue ____ to form chondrification centers beginning week 5.

A

Aggregation

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22
Q

A ____ skeleton in each limb is formed by the end of week 6.

A

Cartilaginous

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23
Q

____ of the long bones begins in week 7.

A

Osteogenesis (ossification)

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24
Q

The ____ is the first long bone to undergo osteogenesis.

A

Femur

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25
Q

Ossification centers are ____ in all of the long bones by week 12.

A

Present

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26
Q

Spinal nerves begin forming the ____ and ____ plexuses and enter the limbs during week 5.

A

Brachial and lumbosacral

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27
Q

Brachial and lumbosacral plexuses form ____ nerves.

A

Peripheral

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28
Q

____ nerves are the first to form in limb innervation.

A

Motor

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29
Q

Sensory nerves follow the motor nerves using them as ____.

A

Guides

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30
Q

Neural crest cells differentiate forming ____ cells.

A

Schwann cells

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31
Q

Neurolemma and myelin sheath are formed as part of the ____ cells.

A

Schwann

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32
Q

Dermatome patterns of ____ nerves form during innervation of the limbs phase.

A

Cutaneous

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33
Q

Hands ____ feet in innervation of the limbs.

A

Precede

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34
Q

Dermatomes are the principle foundation of manual muscle testing and fall under ____ law.

A

Hilton’s

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35
Q

Dermatomes are an area of skin originating from an individual ____.

A

Somite

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36
Q

Dermatomes are innervated by ____ spinal nerves.

A

Specific, individual

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37
Q

Development of the respiratory system begins week 4 and continues into the later part of the ____ period.

A

Fetal

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38
Q

Development of the respiratory system leads to formation of the following organs:

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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39
Q

The respiratory system differentiates from the cranial portion of the foregut below the ____ pharyngeal arch.

A

4th

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40
Q

During respiratory development, formation of the laryngotracheal ____ occurs on the cranial end of the foregut below the 4th pharyngeal pouch.

A

Groove

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41
Q

The ____ lining of the laryngotracheal groove gives rise to the epithelium and glands of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary epithelium.

A

Endodermal

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42
Q

During respiratory development connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle develop from the ____ mesoderm surrounding the foregut.

A

Splanchnic

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43
Q

A pouch of laryngotracheal diverticula forms by the end of week ____ in respiratory development.

A

4

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44
Q

Laryngotracheal diverticula forms from invagination of the laryngotracheal ____.

A

Groove

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45
Q

As the laryngotracheal diverticulum grows, its ____ end enlarges to form a globular respiratory bud.

A

Distal

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46
Q

The globular respiratory bud is the beginning of the ____ and ____.

A

Lung and bronchi

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47
Q

The laryngotracheal diverticulum ____ from the primordial pharynx.

A

Separates

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48
Q

The laryngotracheal diverticulum communicates with the primordial pharynx through the primordial ____ inlet.

A

Laryngeal

49
Q

During respiratory development, ____ of the trachea and the esophagus occurs.

A

Differentiation

50
Q

As the laryngotracheal diverticulum ____, tracheoesophageal folds form in the laryngotracheal diverticulum.

A

Elongates

51
Q

The tracheoesophageal folds grow ____ each other and fuse.

A

Toward

52
Q

Tracheoesophageal fold fusion forms the tracheoesophageal ____ at the end of week 5.

A

Septum

53
Q

Tracheoesophageal septum divides the cranial portion of the foregut into ____ and ____ parts.

A

Dorsal and ventral

54
Q

Dorsal tracheoesophageal septum is the premordium of the ____ and ____.

A

Oropharyngeal and esophagus- alimentary

55
Q

Ventral portion of tracheoesophageal septum contains ____ tube.

A

Laryngotracheal

56
Q

The endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal tube differentiates into the ____ and the ____.

A

Epithelium

Glands of the trachea

57
Q

The cartilage, CT, and muscles of the trachea are derived from the ____ surrounding the laryngotracheal tube.

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

58
Q

The respiratory bud that developed at the ____ end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum (week 4) divides into 2 lateral outpouchings.

A

Caudal

59
Q

2 lateral oupouchings from laryngotracheal diverticulum are called ____.

A

Primary bronchial buds

60
Q

Primary bronchial buds grow laterally into openings called ____ canals.

A

Pericardiopertioneal

61
Q

Pericardioperitoneal canals are also called ____.

A

Primordia of the chest cavity

62
Q

The primary bronchial buds develop ____ and ____ bronchial buds.

A

Secondary

Tertiary

63
Q

Early in week 5, the ____ become the main bronchi.

A

Bronchial

64
Q

The main bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi that form ____, ____, and ____ branches.

A

Lobar, segmental, and intersegmental

65
Q

Right lung has ____ lobes.

A

3

66
Q

The right lung, superior secondary bronchus supplies the ____ lobe of the lung.

A

Superior

67
Q

The right lung, inferior secondary bronchus subdivides into 2 bronchi, the ____ lobe and the ____ lobe.

A

Middle

Inferior

68
Q

The left lung has ____ lobes.

A

2

69
Q

The 2 secondary bronchi supply the ____ and ____ lobes of the lung.

A

Upper

Lower

70
Q

Each secondary bronchus undergoes ____ branching

A

Progressive

71
Q

Progressive branching forms ____ branches and then ____ branches at week 7.

A

Tertiary

Intersegmental

72
Q

10 segmental bronchi are in the ____ lung.

A

Right

73
Q

8 or 9 segmental bronchi are in the ____ lung.

A

Left

74
Q

As the segmental bronchi develop, the surrounding ____ also divides.

A

Mesenchyme

75
Q

Segmental bronchi become ____ segments.

A

Bronchopulmonary

76
Q

Approximately ____ bronchopulmonary segments form.

A

17

77
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments fully completed by week ____.

A

24

78
Q

Development of the gut begins in week ____ and continues through out the embryonic period and into the beginning of the fetal period.

A

4

79
Q

Foregut development:

A

Celiac trunk

80
Q

Midgut develops:

A

Superior mesenteric artery

Develops outside the embryo

81
Q

The hindgut develops:

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

82
Q

Esophagus development begins just below the ____ in the cranial part of the foregut.

A

Pharynx

83
Q

The esophagus is short in the beginning but lengthens rapidly because of the growth and movement of the ____ and ____.

A

Lungs

Heart

84
Q

Esophagus is separated from the ____ by the tracheoesophageal septum.

A

Tracheal

85
Q

Esophagus is full length by week ____.

A

7

86
Q

Superior 1/3 esophagus is striated muscle from pharyngeal arches ___ and ___.

A

4

6

87
Q

Inferior 1/3 esophagus is smooth muscle from ____.

A

Splenic mesenchyme

88
Q

Duodenum is the beginning of the ____ intestines.

A

Small

89
Q

Duodenum develops from the ____ part of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut.

A

Caudal

90
Q

Duodenum is supplied by both ____ and ____.

A

Celiac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

91
Q

The ____ of the duodenum and esophagus are completely obliterated for a short period of time by the growth of the endothelium and glands of the lumen.

A

Lumen

92
Q

The lumen of the duodenum reopens by week ____.

A

7

93
Q

The midgut elongates and forms a ____ shaped loop.

A

U

94
Q

Beginning week 6, the midgut loop ____ into the umbilical cord.

A

Herniates

95
Q

The midgut’s herniated loop communicates with the ____ via the omphaloenteric duct.

A

Yolk sac

96
Q

The midgut develops outside the ____ due to lack of space.

A

Abdominal cavity

97
Q

The liver and kidneys are ____ large when the midgut develops outside of the abdominal cavity.

A

Disproportionally

98
Q

At week 6, the midgut has ____ and ____ ends.

A

Cranial

Caudal

99
Q

Cranial end of midgut consists of:

A

Small intestine-elongated forming intestinal loops

100
Q

Caudal end of midgut consists of:

A

Large intestine

101
Q

Rotation and return of the midgut has a 180 degree ____.

A

Counter clockwise movement

102
Q

The rotation and return of the midgut uses the ____ as the axis of rotation.

A

Superior mesenteric artery

103
Q

Rotation and return of the midgut results in the cranial loop going ____ and the caudal loop going ____.

A

Right

Left

104
Q

Week 10 of midgut rotation and return, the midgut returns to the ____.

A

Abdomen.

105
Q

The large intestine is initially on the right side of the abdomen but gradually shifts due to the rotation of the ____ and the growth of the ____.

A

Stomach

Ascending colon

106
Q

The large intestine shifts because of the growth of the ____.

A

Abdominal wall

107
Q

Cecal swelling appears week 6 and is the premordium of the ____ and ____.

A

Cecum

Appendix

108
Q

The distinction between the midgut and hindgut is made where the ____ changes.

A

Blood supply

109
Q

Midgut blood supply:

A

Superior mesenteric artery

110
Q

Hindgut blood supply:

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

111
Q

Cloaca is at the ____ end of the embryo.

A

Caudal

112
Q

Initially, the ____ and the ____ drain into the cloaca.

A

Allantois

Hindgut

113
Q

The cloaca is eventually divided by the ____.

A

Urorectal septum

114
Q

The cloaca wall folds ____.

A

Laterally

115
Q

The urorectal septum divides the cloaca into 3 parts:

A

Rectum
Cranial portion of anal canal
Urogenital sinus (future urinary bladder urethra)

116
Q

Anal canal cranial portion gets it’s blood supply what part of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Superior rectal branch

117
Q

Which branch of the internal iliac artery does the rectum get it’s blood supply from?

A

Inferior rectal branch

118
Q

Cancer of the prostate and rectum can sometimes go into the ____.

A

Lumbar spine

Embryo (4 decks)

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