exam ii: ch3 - psychobio and psychopharm

Question 1

what type of meds can affect normal regulation of sleep/alertness?

Answer 1

psychotropic meds

Question 2

what hormones affect the circadian rhythm and sleep/wake cycles?

Answer 2

cortisol/corticotropin
norepinephrine
serotonin

Question 3

what is needed for interpersonal skills and is often neglecting as a brain function?

Answer 3

social skills

Question 4

what is the purpose of the limbic system?

Answer 4

emotional brain

Question 5

role of the hippocampus

Answer 5

makes new memories

Question 6

role of the amygdala

Answer 6

processing fear + anxiety

Question 7

what is the relationship between drugs for emotional disturbance and movement disorders?

Answer 7

they can cause each other
(emotional disturbance drugs can cause mvmt disorders, vice versa)

Question 8

dopamine
- function
- dec leads to
- inc leads to

Answer 8

• function: pleasure + reward system, attention and motivation, motor activity
• dec leads to: parkinsons and depression
• inc leads to: schizophrenia and mania

Question 9

norepinephrine
- function
- dec leads to
- inc leads to

Answer 9

• function: mood, attention, arousal, stim SNS
• dec leads to: depression
• inc leads to: anxiety, schizophrenia

Question 10

serotonin
- function
- dec leads to

Answer 10

• function: sleep regulation, hunger, mood, pain, aggression, sexual behavior
• dec leads to: depression

Question 11

histamine
- function
- dec leads to

Answer 11

• function: alertness, inflammatory response
• dec leads to: sedation, weight gain

Question 12

glutamate
- function
- dec leads to
- inc leads to

Answer 12

• function: excitatory NM, learning and memory
• dec leads to: psychosis
• inc leads to: neurotoxicity, alzheimers

Question 13

acetylcholine
- function
- dec leads to
- inc leads to

Answer 13

• function: learning, memory, stim ParaSNS, sexual/aggressive behavior
• dec leads to: alzheimers, huntingtons, parkinsons
• inc leads to: depression

Question 14

what is the dopamine hypothesis

Answer 14

theory that suggests that an excess dopamine level can induce psychotic s/s or schizophrenia

Question 15

goal of visualizing the brain using different types of scans and machines?

Answer 15

assess the molecular changes in psychiatric disorders and receptor sites

Question 16

what are 2 structured imaging techniques

Answer 16

computed tomography (CT)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 17

structured vs functional vs electrical imaging techniques

Answer 17

structured: looks at brain anatomy and layers

functional: reveals psychological activity in the brain

electrical: record signals from the brain

Question 18

computed tomography (CT)
- type of imaging
- function
- detect
- psych relation

Answer 18

• type of imaging: structured
• function: xray images of brain, computer analyzes “slices” for 3D reconstruction of each segment
• detect: lesions, abrasions, infarct, aneurysms
• psych relation: schizophrenia

Question 19

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- type of imaging
- function
- detect
- psych relation

Answer 19

• type of imaging: structured
• function: magnetic field applied to brain, atoms emit radio waves analyzed by computer = 3D image of brain structure in sections
• detect: edema, ischemia, infection, neoplasm, trauma
• psych relation: schizophrenia

Question 20

positron emission tomography (PET)
- type of imaging
- function
- detect
- psych relation

Answer 20

• type of imaging: functional
• function: radioactive substance injected to brain, bright spots on scan → computer makes images of activity and 3D image of CNS
• detect: O2 use, glucose metabolism, blood flow, NM interactions
• psych relation: schizophrenia, mood disorder, ADHD

Question 21

single photo emission computed tomography (SPECT)
- type of imaging
- function
- detect
- psych relation

Answer 21

• type of imaging: functional
• function: similar to PET but uses radionuclidies that emit gamma radiation, various aspects of brain functioning = layers of CNS
• detect: circulation of CSF, O2 use, glucose metabolism, blood flow, NM interaction
• psych relation: schizophrenia, mood disorder, ADHD

Question 22

electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 22

• type of imaging: electrical
• function: recording of electrical signals from the brain; hook up electrodes to scalp
• detect: brain sources that have abnormalities
• psych relation: show state of mind + pattern of currents

Question 23

what is the CYP450 system?

Answer 23

enzymes that metabolizes drugs

Question 24

poor metabolizer (dec CYP450 effect) = ____

rapid metabolizer (in CYP450 effect) = ____

Answer 24

adverse rxns, dec therapeutic response

Question 25

what are 3 factors that modern psychopharm is based off of?

Answer 25

1. principles of neurotransmission
2. brain systems
3. psychiatric genetics

Question 26

the study of what a drug does to the body

Answer 26

pharmadynamics

Question 27

the movement of a drug throughout the body

Answer 27

pharmacokinetics

Question 28

major concerns about the long term effects of herbal medicine and prescribed medicine

Answer 28

kidney, liver, and nerve damage

Question 29

common side effects of pysch drugs?

Answer 29

sedation

motor disturbances: akathisia, restlessness, pill rolling

anticholinergic effects

orthostatic hypotension

sexual dysfunction (SSRIs)

weight gain

Question 30

what drug class is known for contributing to sexual dysfunction

Answer 30

SSRIs

Question 31

what medical condition is linked with mania?

Answer 31

hyperthyroidism (grave’s disease)

Question 32

what imaging types need an injection of a contrast?

Answer 32

functional (PET and SPECT)

Question 33

what neurotransmitter is responsible for anxiety, panic attacks, and excitability

Answer 33

GABA

Question 34

what medication calls for careful monitoring of serum electrolytes

Answer 34

lithium (disturbs fluid balance)