Exam II Flashcards
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
HPA
Hormones that control how we react to stress. Contains the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Adrenal Glands.
Autonomic Nervous System
Made of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Sympathetic-alarm, Parasympathetic-calm
Positive Feedback Loop
Where small effects of something cause a larger consequence. A produces more of B which produces more of A.
Holmes and Rahe Scale
Stressful life events give you points. More stressful events get more points.
Triadic design
Escapable shock, inescapable shock, and restrained control.
Type A personality
Anal retentive, perfectionistic, more prone to heart attacks
Type B personality
laid back, relax
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of psychological processes and how they affect physiological processes and the body.
Stress Reduction Techniques
Progressive Muscle relaxation, Systematic desensitization
Diathesis Stress Model
Stress can trigger a condition if they are genetically predisposed.
PTSD
Stressors so intense they could cause a maladaptive reaction. Comes from directly experiencing, witnessing or learning about traumatic events.
Symptoms of PTSD
Intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks, distress, and avoidance of reminders
Cognitive alterations because of PTSD
Inability to recall all or part of trauma, negative beliefs, persistent negative state, lack of interest, estrangement, unable to be positive
Alteration in reactivity because of PTSD
Angry outbursts, reckless, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, sleep disturbances.
Course of PTSD
Acute stress disorder, specifying (with delayed reaction), varied course.
Treatment for PTSD
Crisis intervention, CBT, Medications, Pet Therapy
Fear vs. Anxiety
Fear- an adaptive state, Anxiety is apprehension of future danger.
Measurement of fear and anxiety
Subjective, behavioral, physiological
Panic Attacks
Not a diagnosable order, a symptom, rapidly developing fear or anxiety, very common
Symptoms of Panic Attacks
Heart accelerates, trembling, sweating, chest pain, choking, dizziness, numbness, chills or heat, nausea, derealization, fear of dying, losing control, shortness of breath.
Panic Disorder
recurrent, spontaneous, and unexpected panic attacks, anxiety about future attacks, not due to another medical condition, happens at least once a month, onset in adolescence or older.
Biological reasons for Panic Disorder
Runs in families, oversensitivity in the brain, lower levels of GABA, certain triggers
Cognitive reasons for Panic Disorder
Catastrophic misinterpretations of physical sensations
Behavioral reasons for Panic Disorder
Introreceptive cues- misinterpreting bodily cues, exteroreceptive cues- cues around us
Psychodynamic reasons for Panic Disorder
Repressed agressive impulses, Defense mechanisms reduce anxiety
Treatment for Panic Disorder
Medication- Lexiprose and Xanax, CBT
Agoraphobia
Widespread panic disorder, anxiety about panic attacks in places where escape would be difficult. Can become housebound, typically onsets in adulthood, associated with stressful event or phobias.
Specific Phobia
Intense, persistent fear triggered by specific objects of situation, Common, has to be at least 6 months, impacts life.
Categories of specific phobia
Animal, Natural Environment, Bodily Injury, Situational, Other
Factors for Phobias
Biological, Behavioral- Pavlov, Psychodynamic- agression
Treatment for phobias
Medications- mostly not effective, Systematic Desensitization, Participant modeling
Social Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety of being connected with unfamiliar people, situations trigger distress and fear, 6 months affecting you, can run in families.
Treatment for social anxiety disorder
SSRI’s- anti-depressants, CBT, social skills training
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Constant state of worry, most days for at least 6 months, autonomic arousal symptoms, doesn’t progress into panic attacks, but may be co-morbid.
Causes of generalized anxiety disorder
Biological- genetic link, insufficient GABA, Cognitive- Over perceive threatening situations, Psychodynamic- unconsious
Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GABA stimulants, SSRI’s, CBT
OCD
Intrusive thoughts and behaviors that alleviate anxiety, Interferes with life, at least one hour a day, self-awareness varies, can be co-morbid with tic disorder
Categories of OCD
Contamination, Aggression, Sexual, Hoarding, Religious, Somatic, Cleaning, Checking, Rituals, Counting, Ordering
Causes of OCD
Moderate genetic link, extreme defense mechanism
DSM and OCD
Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both. More than 1hr a day, Not due to substance or medical disorder, not due to another medical condition
Treatment for OCD
SSRI’s, Exposure and response prevention, Cingulotomy
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Can be co-morbid with eating disorders, Impairs normal functioning, obsess over body. Muscle dysmorphia.
Causes of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Can run in families- role modeled, childhood abuse and neglect, societal reinforcement, cultural
Treatment for Body Dysmorphic Disorder
SSRI’s, CBT
Hoarding
Collects articles and unable to discard to the point of distress, was part of OCD in DSM IV, runs in families, worse with each decade of life.
Treatment for Hoarding
Cognitive- for dysfunctional thoughts, exposure and response prevention, Organizational skills training
Excoriation
Recurrently picks at skin on head or face, starts in adolescence, can be several hours a day, comorbid with depression, can run in families
Treatment for Excoriation
Behavioral- relaxation
Malingering
To fake illness to avoid something, not a mental disorder, but it may require clinical attention, can be criminals, can also be non-compliant to medical treatment.
Factitious Disorder
Exaggerate Symptoms, symptoms are worse when being watched. Used to be Munchausen syndrome- DSM III
Factitious Disorder Imposed on another
False symptoms produced on behalf of someone, mother and young child, munchausen by proxy- DSM III and IV
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Multiple physical complaints, excessive worry and over-interpretation of symptoms, has to be over 6 months, low SES and ed are more prevalent.
Treatment for Somatic Symptom Disorder
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, treatment difficult because they normally do not seek treatment.
Conversion Disorder
Deficits in motor and sensory function, rare, paralysis, selective loss of function, verbal functioning, convulsions, tic disorder
Astasia-Abasia
Inability to walk because of psychological issues
Analgesia
Inability to feel pain
Anesthesia
Skin sensitivity
Parestesia
Feel something that’s not there
Causes of Conversion Disorder
Psychoanalytic- repressed feelings, behavioral- because of positive attention, faulty inhibition of mirror neurons
Illness Anxiety
DSM 5 term, Hypochondriasis- DSM IV, pre-occupation that one has or will get a serious disease, excessive reactions, central to self-image, can be transient or chronic
Treatment for Illness Anxiety
SSRI’s or Stress Management
Dissociative Disorders
Altered states of consciousness, disruption of memory and identity, some can spontaneously recover, associated with trauma, amnesia, can still learn new information
Localized Amnesia
Not remembering events about a certain period
Selective Amnesia
Broader period of time
Generalized Amnesia
Larger period of time
Dissassociative Fugue Specifier
Memory impairment and flees from home, can be brief or months, Treatment- hypnosis, sodium amytal
Sodium Amytal
Truth Syrum
Dissociative Identity Disorder
DSM 5 term, Multiple personality disorder- DSM IV, Range from 2-100 personalities, associated with torture and trauma, no genetic link, all environmental
Treatment for Dissociative Identity Disorder
Integrate all personalities, talk therapy
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Separation from one’s self, co-morbid with other disorders, average onset is 16-rare after 25, no definitive cause.
Personality Disorders
How the world is viewed and how people interact with others, enduring inflexible patterns that cause distress for them or others, deviates from cultural norms
Symptoms of Personality Disorders
Impulse control, dysfunctional and consistent behavior, don’t seek treatment, low reliability of diagnosis, these can be co-morbid together
Eyeseneck
Personality is biological, Neuroticism, Extroversion, and Psychoticism
Neruoticism
Negative emotions vs. positive
Extroversion
Outgoing or withdrawn
Psychotosicm
Anger and agressiveness
Cattell
Measured 16 factors of personality on a continuum.
Big Five- Neo Pi
Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeablenes, neuroticism
Cluster A Personality Disorders
Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal, odd or eccentric behaviors
Cluster B Personality Disorders
Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissitic, Dramatic, emotional and erratic behaviors
Cluster C Personality Disorders
Avoidant and Obsessive Compulsive
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Distrustful and suspicious of others, takes offense easily, socially isolated, excessive view of self-importance, jealousy, onset in early adulthood, co-morbid with OCD
Cause of Paranoid personality disorder
Unknown, may have history of schizophrenia, childhood trauma
Treatment for Paranoid personality disorder
Relationship building, challenging beliefs and self-talk, anti-psychotic medications
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Detachment from social relationships, little emotional expression, Loners, no reaction to praise or criticism.
Cause of Schizoid
Can run in families, but no strong genetic link
Treatment for Schizoid
Do not normally seek treatment, social skills training
Schizotypal
Unusual and superstitious behavior, high rate of depression, co-morbid with schizoid, can run in families
Treatment of Schizotypal
Antipsychotic meds, antidepressants, little research done.
Antisocial Personality Disorders
Must be 18 to be diagnose, Decietful, lying, manipulative, thrill seeking, failure to conform to laws, can be found in criminals, higher risk for suicide
Causes of antisocial
Under arousal of physiological sources
Treatments for antisocial
Dopamine, rarely seeks treatment
Borderline Personality Disorder
Unstable relationships, rapid shifts of perceptions of people, frantically avoids being alone, but pushes people away, stress can cause psychotic symptoms, impulsivity, inappropriate displays of anger
Treatment of Borderline
SSRI’s, Lithium, Dialectical behavior therapy- education, Group and Individual therapy
Histrionic Disorder
Co-morbid with Narcissistic, excessive emotionality and attention seeking, considered relationships more intimate, flirtatious, easily influenced by others, self-mutilation and suicide attempts
Causes of Histrionic
No family influence, psychoanalytic repression
Treatment for Histrionic
Little research on this
Narcississtic Personality Disorder
Self-centered, admiration from others, exaggerated self-importance, entitled, lacks empathy
Causes of Narcissistic
No research on family influence, Psychodynamic
Treatment of Narcissistic
No established treatment theories
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Co-morbid with anxiety, control, orderly, overly perfectionistic, no trust in others, overlaps into moral judgment
Sociopaths
Nervous, easily agitated, emotional outbursts, no regard for society’s laws, haphazard and spontaneous, result of environment
Psychopaths
Unable to form emotional bonds or feel empathy, manipulation and mimicry, very meticulous, result of genetics
