Exam I Flashcards
Martina was relieved when she was told by a therapist that she had an adjustment disorder. Labeling her behavior as an adjustment disorder, however, does not actually explain her behavior. What does this exemplify?
Naming Fallacy
Emily’s behavior is a really interesting example of abnormal behavior. As such, Dr. Tyler has spent several years intensively studying Emily, her symptoms, and the changes in her symptoms that occurred during therapy. What would Dr. Tyler’s study of Emily’s behavior be considered?
A Case Study
Dr. Wyatt is interested in the number of depressive symptoms his patient experiences. He had the patient take the same depression scale four times, and all four times the patient’s score was a 27. The consistency in scores indicates that the depression scale is _____.
Reliable
In a research study, the comparison group on which the manipulation of interest is NOT performed is the _____ group.
Control
What was the basis of the earliest explanations for the cause of abnormal behavior?
Demon Possession
What did Galen, influenced by the earlier work of Hippocrates, propose as the cause depression and poor sleep?
Too much black bile.
_____ developed an influential classification system for abnormal behaviors based on patterns of symptoms.
Emil Kraepelin
Abasia
Inability to walk without biological root.
Through classical conditioning, Little Albert learned to associate a white rat with fear. Little Albert was also afraid of a rabbit, a white fuzzy blanket, and a Santa mask. In this example, Little Albert’s conditioned fear showed _____ to similar objects.
Generalization
The _____ is the part of the mind outside of conscious awareness, containing hidden instincts, impulses, and memories.
Unconscious
What is projection, in terms of a defense mechanism?
When a person disowns some impulse and attributes it to some other person.
According to Carl Jung, what do common racial memories, expressed symbolically in the mythologies of all present and past cultures, reflect?
Collective unconscious
________is a process in which a consequence, which follows a response, increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated in the same situation in the future.
Reinforcement
What is a form of learning in which the consequences of a response influence its later probability called?
Operant Conditioning
In the biological model, what is the fundamental cause of mental disorders?
Physiological conditions in the brain
What did the DSM diagnostic framework of Axis I reflect?
Clinical disorders and/or other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
The DSM-I, first published in 1952, was strongly influenced by the theories of ____ and ______.
Sigmund Freud and Adolf Mayer
When was the DSM-5 approved and released?
2013
Diagnostic reliability involves the ______ with which a diagnosis label can be applied.
Consistency
What is a newer method of brain imaging that essentially allows the tracking of blood flow in the brain in real time?
fMRI
Criteria for Abnormality
Distress, psychological impairment gets in the way of everyday life, Risk to self and others, Socially and culturally unacceptable behavior, Isn’t normal to social context, Not just being distinctive
Cultural Relativity
Values vary from culture to culture
Subjective Distress
Something that is upsetting to one person but not another.
Reliability
Gives the same result every time.
Validity
Measures what its supposed to.
Kessler
Said that anxiety was the most common mental disorder.
Placebo
An ineffectual treatment intended to deceive the recipient.
Positive Correlation
Both variables either increase or decrease.
Negative Correlation
One variable increases while the other decreases.
Zero Correlation
Variables have no effect on each other.
Confounding Variables
There is some other explanation for the way the variables are behaving.
Bronfenbrenner
Levels of relationships in our sociocultural experience
Layers of Sociocultural experience per Bronfenbrenner
Immediate relationships, Extended relationships, Less frequent contact, society at large.
Rosenhan Study
Participants with no mental disorder presented themselves saying “I think I heard a voice” to mental health professionals and were diagnosed as psychotic. Acted normal after the voice comment.
Paradigm
A typical pattern or model of something.
Dance Manias
During the middle ages, people dancing madly in the streets.
Trephining
Drilled holes in the skull believed to cure mental illness
Dorthea Dix
In the 1800’s, fought for humane treatment of Psych patients.
Dualism
Mind and body are two completely separate things.
Benjamin Rush
Father of psychiatry in the US
Medical Model
Present day perspective, treat mental illness medically, separate abnormal behaviors from physical problems
General Paresis
Known as general paralysis of the insane, leads to cerebral atrophy based on late stage syphilis, neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain.
Hippocrates
Father of physical medicine and psychological issues, thought that imbalance of body fluids (black bile) caused psych issues. Thought people should get more exercise and be more tranquil.
Mesmerism
By Mesmer who thought that magnetic fluid imbalance caused issues. Would put patients into a bath of metal filings where they would meditate and become mesmerized. Braid disagreed and said they were changed by a change in consciousness awareness.
La Belle Indifference
Patients are unbothered by disturbing symptoms
Willowbrook
Geraldo Rivera filmed a documentary showing the horrific conditions of mental conditions.
Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory, Personality Model with ID, Focus on Unconscious, Psychosexual Stages, Thought humans were generally bad.
Psychosexual Development
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital Stages in childhood
Oral Stage
0-18 months, fixation with putting things in mouth, conflict with being weened. May have an oral fixation.
Anal Stage
18-36 months, conflict over potty training, may be anal retentive or anal expulsive.
Phallic Stage
3-5 years, falling in love with opposite sex parent, In competition/copying same sex parent, Oedipus complex for boys and Electra complex for girls.
Latency Stage
5-12 years, focusing on same sex relationships
Genital Stage
12+ years, focusing on romantic relationships
Freud Treatment Techniques
Dream Analysis, Free Association, Rorschach Test, Analysis of Fixations
Dream Analysis
Road to the unconscious
Transference
When a counselor’s relationship takes the form of a relationship in the client’s life.
Counter Transference
When the counselor starts to return transferred feelings.
Resistance
When a client ‘puts on the breaks’ for therapy. May be getting towards bigger issues.
Free Association
Saying a word and speaking whatever comes to mind.
Rorschach Test
Ink blots
Analysis of Fixations
Analyzing fixations from psychosexual development.
Defense Mechanisms
Giving us ways of bending reality. Repression, Reaction formation, isolation, displacement, projection
Behavioral Theory
Based on observable behaviors, based off theories of BF Skinner
Operant Conditioning
Using punishments and reinforcements to increase or decrease a desired behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Behavior likely to be repeated based on reward.
Negative Reinforcement
Taking something away to increase a certain behavior (nagging).
Extinction
When a behavior stops in the absence of reinforcement.
Primary Reinforcers
Things that are naturally reinforcing and satisfy biological needs.
Secondary Reinforcers
We associate these with primary reinforcers (money)
Punishment
Aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Behavioral Treatments
Reversal Design, Modeling, Systematic Desensitization
Reversal Design
Looking at how dysfunctional behavior produces a reinforcement.
Modeling
Role-model more appropriate behaviors
Systematic Desensitization
Make a hierarchy of fears, usually related to phobias, using relaxation techniques, can be extremely effective.
Causes of Abnormal Behavior
Genetic influence, Life events, Sociocultural events
Medication Revolution
Happened in the 1950’s, medicines were released prematurely to the public who didn’t know massive side-effects.
Cognitive Theory
Have to change your way of thinking to change your psychological state. Beck and Ellis.
Beck
Automatic Thoughts- Self Talk
Beck Depression Inventory- 21 questions that look at negative thoughts about self, world, future
Ellis
ABC’s, Activation, Belief, Consequence
Biological Theory
Rule out the biological root of behavior first, can use medications or ECT
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype
Based off of genetics, the physical aspect of what an organism looks like.
Epigenetics
Study of traits that are inherited by cells and don’t cause DNA changes.
Humanistic Theory
Finding the best in humans. Rogers and Maslow
Carl Rogers
People are innately good, person-centered therapy, Congruence and Incongruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, Reflective Listening.
Congruence
How people feel about themselves matches with reality.
Incongruence
Negative view of self doesn’t match reality.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Don’t have to love what a person does but must love the person unconditionally.
Axis I of DSM
Clinical Disorder
Axis II of DSM
Personality Disorder
Axis III of DSM
General Medical Condition
Axis IV of DSM
Psychosocial and Environmental- Support System
Axis V of DSM
Global Assessment of Functioning- 0-100
Personality Tests
MMPI, NEO- Personality Inventory, Projective Tests
Intelligence Tests
Stanford-Binet, Weschler
What is the most used IQ test today?
Weschler
What was the first IQ test in America?
Stanford-Binet
Mental Status Exam
Looks at Appearance, Stated Age, Dress, and Psychomotor
Brain Imaging Systems
CAT, MRI, PET
What to Brain Imaging Systems do for diagnosis?
They do little, can only show biological and physical roots for problems.
Original DSM was developed in what year?
1952
Range of Affect
Flat, Blunted, Heightened
Psychiatrist
M.D. Mostly prescribes medications.
Psychologist
PhD, mostly does counseling.
Counselor
Master’s Degree
MSW
Master’s in Social Work, does counseling
Nurse Practitioners
Masters degree, prescribe medications under a doctor.
Changes in DSM V
Exemption of homosexuality, changes in classifications, names
Levels of Diagnostic Assessment
Interview, Mental Health Status Exam, Orientation, Content of Thought, Affect and Mood
