Exam Errors Flashcards
Incremental validity
HIGH criterion-related validity coefficient
LOW selection ratio (lots of applicants for few positions)
MOD base rate (selection technique = moderately accurate)
Delirium vs psychosis
Delirium=Sx random, haphazard, rapid onset
Psychosis=Sx systematized
Ohio State U Behavior of leaders
Imitating structure (task-orientation)
Consideration (person-orientation)
MMPI scales
K - Korrection (defensiveness)
L - lie
F - inFrequency
Adult Attachment Interview
- Autonomous = describes parent + or - and gives examples (Child –> secure)
- Dismissing = describes parent + but no examples (Child –> avoidant)
- Preoccupied = - or confused description, no examples (Child –> resistant
- Unresolved/disorganized (Child –>disorganized/disoriented)
Cross’ Black Racial ID Model
- Pre-encounter
- Encounter
- Immersion-Emersion
- Internalization
Fiedler’s Contingency model
Characteristics of work situation (affect ability to lead)
Leader-member relations ***most important
Task structure Leaders position power
Transtheoretical model
- Pre-contemplation: cons outweigh pros
- Contemplation: “ “ “
- Preparation: pros=cons
- Action: pros outweigh cons
- Maintenance: pros outweigh cons
Predictors of moving to next stage (Transtheoretical model)
Perception of self efficacy
Decisional balance (pros/cons)
BP vs ADHD
- BP only:
- Elation
- Grandiosity
- Flight of ideas
- Reduced sleep
- Hypersexuality
- BOTH:
- hyperactivity,
- irritability,
- distractibility,
- accelerated speech
Conventional vs Realistic
Conventional: keeping records, org data, attention to detail, others’ instructions
Realistic: technical, physical, mechanical, outdoor activities
Schizophrenia vs schizophreniform vs brief psychotic disorder
Time
Paired comparison technique
Measure of job performance All employees compared to each other in PAIRS
“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” learning=perception of relationships among elements of a problem
Gestalt (Kohler)
Caplan mental health consultation
Case consultation (focus on consultee)
* client-centered = particular client
* consultee-centered=group or population Admin consultation (focus on administrators)
* program-centered=particular program
* consultee-centered=focus on admins
4 dopamine pathways
- Mesolimbic -> motivation/emotion (high dopamine here=+Sx)
- Mesocortical –> _emotion/cognitio_n (low dopamine here= -Sx)
- Nigrostriatal –> motor Sx (Parkinson’s)
- Tuberoinfundibular –>hypothalamus/pituitary (prolactin & hormones)
Ridley model of paranoia
- Nonparanoiacs - low culture, low functional
- Functional paranoiacs–> psychopathology
- Healthy cultural paranoiacs , low functiional, high cultural
- Confluent paranoiacs ???
Super lifespan model of career development
- Growth (4-13)
- Exploration (14-24)
- Establishment (25-44)
- Maintenance (45-65)
- Disengagement (65+)
Overregularization vs overextension
Over reg = grammar rules
tooths instead of teeth, goed instead of went
Over ext = uses word too broadly
Telegraphic vs holophrastic speech
Telegraphic = 2 words
Holophrastic = one word (means ‘whole’)
Option receptor antagonist Reduces alcohol cravings
Naltrexone
Efficacy vs effectiveness
Efficacy: clinical trials
Effectiveness: “real world” effects (correlational, quasi-experimental studies)
Papez’ circuit
limbic system
IQ correlations among family
- .18 – adopted child with parent
- .25 – bio sibs reared apart
- .40 – parent and child
- .68 – identical twins reared apart
- .80 – identical twins reared together
Stress inoculation training
conceptualization: skills acquisition: application:
Q-sort technique
rank ordering descriptive statements about self
James-Lange theory
emotions are perceptions of bodily reactions body first, then emotions (“JAMES’ great body made Jessica LANGE emotional”)
Cannon-Bard theory
emphasis on brain emotions first, then body reacts
“gender schema theory”
Bem
OCD across cultures
same stats different content of obsessions and compulsions
TQM (Total Quality Management)
based on employee involvement fails when employees not fully participating
best Rx for chronic pain
mixed SSRIs/SNRIs (better than SSRIs alone)
best Rx for Alcohol Dependence
SSRIs best for low alcohol consumption with LATE onset Alcohol Dependence (Type A)
Types of Alcohol Dependence
Type A: Late onset = lower consumption; fewer Sx; less severe Sx
Type B: Early onset = more Sx; more severe Sx; more severe psychopathology
procedural memory is mediated by _____
the striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
brain structure that mediates emotion
hypothalamus
Piaget moral development
HETEROnomous (subject to laws outside individual)
–rule violations are punished
–rules changed only by authorities
AUTOnomous (self-governing)
–rules can be changed by consensus
expressed emotion is predictive of relapse for ____
MORE predictive for mood and eating disorders than schizophrenia
contingency management
punish undesirable + reward/reinforce desirable
false memory induction
Creates false memories by repeated asking about events never experienced
imagination inflation
asking to imagine event before asking if it ever happened to the individual
Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM)
erroneously recalling a word from a list of semantically related words
Loftus misinformation effect
original memory of events altered by exposure to misleading information
best Tx for stuttering
Habit Reversal: regulated breathing + awareness training + social support
Centralized vs decentralized communication
centralized: better for simple tasks
decentralized: better for complex tasks
when is brain lateralization first evident?
1st year of life
stages of Freudian psychoanalysis
confrontation: goal to help client see behavior in new way
clarification: clarifies client’s statements
interpretation:
working through:
script vs heuristic
script = “event schema”: series of events/actions in particular situation
heuristic = “mental shortcut” (rule of thumb)
According to REBT, what is the basis of irrational thoughts?
biological basis
what is the effect of brain trauma on memory?
most recent memories: most vulnerable to amnesia
remote memories: first to be recovered
fading vs thinning
fading: reducing prompts
thinning: reduction in + reinforcement
Chin & Benne
3 strategies to overcome resistance to change in an organization
Rational-Empirical: providing info when resistance is due to lack of knowledge
Normative-Reeducative: peer pressure and social norms used to promote change
Power-Coercive: relying on a strong leader
4 dopamine pathways
mesolimbic = emotion and motivation
mesocortical = cognition
nigrostriatal = motor (Parkinson’s)
tuberoinfundibular = hypothalamus to pituitary (prolactin secretion)
Type I error vs Type II error
Type I error == (alpha) incorrect rejection of a true null
Type II error == (beta) incorrectly retaining a false null
OARS (Motivational Interviewing)
O - open-ended questions A - affirmations R - reflective listening S - summary statements
____% of new mothers have postpartum major depression ____% have “baby blues”
10-15% up to 80%
CBT-E (CBT-Enhanced) for Bulimia
targets perfectionism, low self-esteem, interpersonal factors and emotional factors
Social Anxiety vs Panic Disorder
social anxiety–> MAY include panic attacks, but they are related to the known feared situation
Panic Disorder –> attacks are unexpected
physical issues that cause impotence
- diabetes
- antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs
- liver and kidney disease
sexual arousal hormone in men and women
androgen (adrenal cortex)
maternal employment has most detrimental effect on academic achievement of ______
middle and upper-SES boys (especially when mother works FT thru child’s life)
fact vs expert witness
fact – only offers facts
expert – can offer opinion
When would a structural family therapist use a family map?
to make a structural diagnosis by clarifying boundaries, coalitions, etc.
circular questions
used in Milan systematic family therapy
helps family members recognize differences in perceptions
Gain-loss theory
prefer people who initially have negative feelings about us but change to positive (more than those consistently positive) AND we dislike those with initially positive feelings about us then change to negative
social exchange theory
more likely to remain in a relationship when rewards are greater than cost
balance theory
relationship between: person, another person, and third person or idea, event, object
self-verification theory
people prefer others who provide them with accurate info about themselves (consistent with self-evaluations)
children show an AWARENESS of racial difference by age _____, but understand race as a physical, social, and biological category at age ____
awareness by age 3-4 deeper understanding at age 10
benefits of HRT
alleviate mood swings decrease likelihood of osteoporosis reduce/eliminate hot flashes ***does not have effect on libido***
neo-Piagetians
use information processing to explain shortcomings of Piaget’s theory
Holland’s Self-Directed Search (SDS) scores
commonness – of score with standardization
sample consistency –distance between first two RIASEC code letters (closer together = higher consistency)
coherence – degree to which interests are in same category
congruence – between expressed and measured interest
APA can take disciplinary action against a psychologist after conviction of _______
a felony (does not apply to misdemeanors)
TAT scoring
needs (internal determinants of behavior)
press (environmental determinants of behavior)
thema (interactions between needs and press)
types of cost analysis
cost-benefit – relative costs and benefits of an intervention
cost-utility – costs and patient outcomes (includes quality duration and of life)
cost-feasibility – determines feasibility of an intervention based on resources it requires
cost-minimization – identifies the least costly alternative
approach-avoidance conflict
BOTH increase as event gets closer but negative increases MORE
Depression vs Anxiety – how to tell difference
negative affect –> similar in both
Positive affect – higher in anxiety
Autonomic Arousal – higher in anxiety
situational leadership
high ability, high willingness –> delegating (can be trusted to do assigned tasks independently)
high ability, low willingness –> participating (have ability, but need their participation)
low ability, high willingness –> selling (novices need to be sold on the task)
low ability, low willingness –> telling (can’t trust to do it themselves)
neurotransmitters linked to Social Phobia
serotonin and dopamine
holophrastic speech begins at age ____ telegraphic speech begins at age ____
holophrastic = 12-18 mos (one word) telegraphic = 18-24 mos (two words)
ADHD – low metabolic activity in ____ and ____.
prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
Lever #1 = VI-30 Lever#2 = VI-60 What is the ratio of Lever #1 taps by pigeon?
Lever #1 tapped twice as often as Lever #2 (2 times out of 3 = 2/3)
Structural Family Therapy (techniques)
–marking boundaries
–escalating stress
–utilizing symptoms
–manipulating mood (criticized for no empathy)
Motivational Interviewing (OARS) goal:
help client resolve ambivalence toward change
Motivational Interviewing (techniques)
–simple reflection –double-sided reflection –amplified reflection –summary statements (Communicates empathy)
Left-Right confusion due to:
lesion in left parietal lobe Gerstmann Syndrome (also dysgraphia, dyscalculia, finger agnosia)
MDD requires ____ duration of Sx
2 weeks
Satir’s family therapy emphasizes:
styles of communication (5) –placater –blamer –super-reasonable –irrelevant –incongruent
PTSD Sx clusters
intrusion avoidance cognition/mood arousal/reactivity
Delusional Disorder requires ____ delusions for at least ____.
one or more delusions for at least one month
Substance Use Disorder domains
impaired control social impairment risky use pharmacological criteria
Tourette’s syndrome due to excessive activity of dopamine receptors in ____
caudate nucleus
Schein organizational culture
Organizational culture: observable artifacts, espoused values & beliefs, and underlying assumptions.
MMPI
Alcohol abuse & depression
High on 2, 4, & 7
mmpi
somatoform profile
conversion V
high 1 & 3, low 2
Most dreams occur in _____ sleep and the dreams are ____
REM
NREM Dreams are Fleeting images, less vivid and more relaistic
Satir - communication styles
- placater
- blamer
- super-reasonable
- irrelevant
- congruent
3 types of standard errors
- Standard error of the mean
- Standard error of measurement
- Standard error of measurement
- Standard error of the mean
- Standard error of measurement
- Standard error of estimate
- Standard error of mean = standard deviation of sampling distrution of the mean (pop std dev/square root n
- Std err of measurement = construct confidence interval around obtained test score
- Std err of estimate = construct confidence interval around predicted criterion score
purpose of factor loading
to obtain a pattern easier to interpret
Mimesis
joining technique that involves adopting family’s affective and communication style
SCID
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM5
Spearman r measures
2 rank correlates
Pearson r measures
2 continuous variables correlations
Phi coefficient measures
2 dichotomous variables
point biserial measures
correlation 1 variable is continous, the other true dichotomous
Seattle longitudinal study used what design to study age & intelligence
cross-sequential
Howard phase model of client’s progres in therapy
- remoralization
- remediation
- rehabilitation
age infants exhibit recognition memory for up to 24 hours following presenation of a stimulus
3 months
Sources of self-efficacy beliefs (Bandura)
- prior accomplishments
- observations of others
- verbal persuasion
- emotional and physiological states
What is the Papez circuit
emotional brain of the limbic system
Also plays role in acquistion of new memories
papez circuit includes
- hippocampus
- mammillary bodies
- cingulate gyrus
- anterior nuclei of thalamus
base rate fallacy
the tendency to ignore relevant statistical data when making a probablity judgment and to rely instead on irrelevant info
Von Restorff Effect
Tendency to remember very unusual or unique objects
Stick out like a sore thumb
Forer Effect AKA
Barnum effect
Barnun effect refers to
tendency to accept a vague or very general description of oneself (horoscope)
Visual feature representation is necessary for
mirror self-recognition
3 steps of strucural family therapy
- joining
- evaluating/dxing
- restructuring
2 types of joining in Structural Family Therapy
- Tracking - identifying & using family’s values, life themes
- mimesis - adopting family’s affective & behavioral style
When is family map used in structural family therapy
to facilitate structrual diagnosis
Enactment is a technique
used to facilitate diagnosis and structuring of the family (structural family therapy)
Substance Use Disorder Sx Categorized into
- Impaired control
- social impairment
- risky use
- pharmacological criteria
