exam ch 9-12 Flashcards
1
Q
oculesics
A
- the study of how human beings communicate through the eyes
- we associate eye movement with expressions
2
Q
gaze
A
- an individuals looking behavior may or may not be looking at someone
- zoning out
3
Q
mutual gaze
A
2 people knowingly gaze at each other
- more common
4
Q
eye contact
A
- looking directly into someones eyes
- less common
- varies with other persons appearance
5
Q
normal gazing
A
varies with background, personalities, topic, other person’s gazing pattern
- greater than 3 = awkward
6
Q
regulating the flow of communication
A
- visual contact occurs when we want to signal the comm channel is open
- we look often and continue to look until we have began our interaction
- also used to close/end communication
7
Q
monitoring feedback
A
- people seek feedback concerning the reactoin of others
- if someone looks at you when talking it suggests interest
8
Q
reflecting cognitive activity
A
- listeners and speakers tend to avoid gazing at others when processing difficult ideas
- averted gaze often reflects a shift in attention from external to internal
9
Q
expressing emotions
A
a glance at the eye area provides a great deal of information about emotions expressed
10
Q
communicating the the nature of the interpersonal relationship
A
- relationships are characterized by different status levels can be reflected in eye patterns
- lower status show respect by gazing at higher status
- higher status feel less of a need to gaze at lower status
- eye contact is greater in intimate relationships
- the closer we feel with someone the more we make eye contact with them
11
Q
distance
A
- gazing and mutual gazing increases as distance increases
- decreases as we get closer to each other
- we tend to have less visual contact when we feel too close in terms of physical closeness ex. in an elevator
12
Q
physical characteristics
A
- objects or people in our environment change our gaze
- when you take in unfamiliar stimuli gaze increases
- we condition ourselves to gaze not stare
13
Q
personality characteristics
A
- emotional, physical, and personality characteristics can all influence eye behavior
- higher intelligence = more gazing
- lower self esteem = less gazing
- more extroverted, agreeable, or open = more gazing
14
Q
topics and tasks
A
- if a topic is happy or more upbeat = more gazing
- if engaged in an intimate conversation with someone we do not have an intimate relationship with we tend to look away. ex. doctor
- if we are trying to persuade someone we engage in more gazing
15
Q
cultural background and racial attiudes
A
- eye behavior varies according to the environment in which we learn social norms
- western cultures (USA) some eye contact is desired between high and low status
- eastern cultures (Japan) eye contact between high and low status could be viewed as disrespectful
16
Q
pupil dialation
A
pupil increases in size
17
Q
pupil constriction
A
pupil decreases in size
18
Q
pupil dilation and constriction
A
- often times social implications can be derived from these behaviors
- sometimes hard to see
- dilate when interested but not very accurate
19
Q
deception
A
an intentional act in which sender knowingly transmit a message to mislead another by fostering false impressions, beliefs, or understandings
20
Q
the pervasiveness of deception
A
- people like 1-2 times a day (big lies)
- 10 - 15 small lies
- deception is a part of everyday life
21
Q
nature of nonverbal deception
A
- humans use deception for positive and negative reasons
- deception can ruin relationships
- hard to gain back trust
22
Q
self focused motives of deception
A
- protect self image
- maintain privacy
23
Q
partner focused motives of deception
A
- helping a target
- protect a partners emotions (friends/family)
24
Q
relationship focused motives of deception
A
- avoid conflict
- avoid relational break up
- avoid violating roles
25
evolutionary perspective of deception
- as a species we learn to use deception as a survival mechanism
- natural inclination to protect selves and family
- survival of the fittest. people better at detecting lies or making lies are favored
26
the leakage hypothesis of deception
- deception os associated with various internal physiological responses
- are measurable/noticeable
- deceivers try to compensate for tells
- receivers try to notice tells
27
interpersonal deception theory
- places great emphasis on social interactions and process oriented deception
- the more we interact the more we hear is true
- deception happens in interactions and is based on contact and people
28
self presentation theory of deception
- argues that deception is used to bolster credibility
- gives a positive impression
- deception is used as a communicative strategy
29
functions of lying
- to save face
- avoid tension in conflict
- guide social interactions
- expand or reduce relationships
- impression formation
30
culture
collective cultures value other face needs more than self face needs
- individualistic cultures prefer more cinfrontation
31
age
older people generally better at telling and detecting lies
| - more experience. trial and error
32
sex
men perceive deceit as more acceptable than women. also use it for impression management
- fairly equal in terms of number of lies
33
personality
extraverts tend to lie the most
34
communication skills
successful liars tend to have better communication skills
35
detection deception
- no one behavior is indicative of lying
| - Liars: smile less, have more hesitations, more speech errors
36
lying may generate an emotional response
- anger - negative response to innocent question
- guilt - looking away for long periods of time
- unease - more fidgeting
37
stereotypes of liars
- decrease in eye contact
| - liars may compensate for this stereotype which may lead to too much eye contact
38
accuracy
- humans believe they are accurate decoders of deception. they are not.
- accurate 50% of the time
- we are more accurate with people we know, unless they lied to us before (skepticism)
39
duping delight
- occurs when liars feel pleasure when they lie or deceive successfully
- may be reflected in a smile at the wrong time
- micro expressions last for a fraction of a second and show concealed emotions
40
the importance of social relationships
- social interactions are critical to everyday functioning
- isolation is one of the most severe forms of punishment
- 80% of interactions are nonverbal
41
communicating intimacy groups
- romantic courtship (romantic relationship)
- non romantic courtship (family/friends)
- closeness with strangers and acquaintances
- closeness with well established relationships
42
courtship behaviors
- approach - getting two people in the same proximity
- acknowledge - nonverbal invitation to begin talking
- talk - increase in touching behaviors and eye gaze, more synchrony in nonverbal cues
43
courtship readiness
1. begin to prepare your body for the interaction. stand up straight, straighten shoulders
44
Preening behaviors
2. indicated by things like stroking your hair, rearranging make-up, adjusting clothing
45
actions of appeal and incitation
3. includes flirtatious glances, gaze holding, crossing the legs to expose a thigh
46
committed romantic relationships
- lots of nonverbals in beginning (kiss, hug, hold hands)
- as time goes on nonverbals decrease
- the quality of the act becomes more important than the quantity
- can model each others characteristics
47
using nonverbal comm to recognize romantic problems
1. extended proxemics (far apart)
2. decreased touching
3. minimal eye contact
48
platonic relationships of male/female combos
```
adv
- interpersonally rewarding
- women say they are more enjoyable
dis
- underlying sexual tension
- more likely to experience misunderstandings
```
49
issues with cross-sex friends
- uncertain norms for proxemic zones (decreases over time)
| - social perceptions of norms are different per sex
50
same sex friendships
- not characterized by sexual tensions
| - different with power/resources
51
male/male friendships
- associated with competitiveness and dominance
- typically task oriented. build around sharing activities
- larger space, low eye contact, low touching
52
female/female friendships
- high emotional connections
- positive social support
- close proxemics, mutual gazing, touching behaviors, relational gestures
53
understanding stress
- refers to a combination of thoughts and worries which negatively affect the body
- can be short term or long term
54
emotional effects of stress
stress changes how we feel about certain situations
55
behavioral effects of stress
- avoidance - avoid certain behaviors entirely. stop hanging out w/ friends
- extremes - engage in certain behaviors in excess. binge drinking
56
physical effects of stress
can cause noticeable problems to out bodies. lower immune system, eye bags
57
common sources of stress for college students and young adults
- negative situations (stressors) - tests, bills
- positive situations - uncertainty - weddings, graduation, vacation
- personality - some personality traits gives people more stress. anxiety, OCD
- second hand stress - we become stressed when people in our lives are stressed
58
nonverbal cues that communicate stress
- less smiling
- poor body posture
- lack of eye contact
- slower or less frequent gestures
- decreased touching
- less groomed
59
how to cope with stress
- increase human contact
- strategic facial expressions (forcing a smile)
- larger proxemic zones. take a walk
60
difficulties processing nonverbal communication
difficulties in
- perception
- coordination
- socialization
61
autism
- a complex mental condition that is present from early childhood
- difficulty in: communicating with other people, understanding abstract ideas
- repetitive verbal and nonverbal behaviors
- gestures and eye contact are critical growing up
62
aspergers syndrome
- inability to demonstrate empathy toward other people and general social awkwardness
- difficulty with back and forth conversations, they lack eye contact, have problems making personal relationships
- linked with social isolation and lack of adult friendships
63
bipolar personality
- moods range from extreme highs to extreme lows
- characterized by cycles of behavioral and emotional changes that are reflected by impulsive behaviors, irritability, and decreased need for sleep
- nonverbals can be erratic and unpredictable
64
ADHD
- typical symptoms: difficulty staying focused/ paying attention, difficulty controlling certain behaviors, and general hyperactivity
- associated NV behaviors: increased fidgeting and gestures, difficulty maintaining eye contact
65
alexithymia
- inability to identify, define, and describe emotions
- dysfunctions in emotional awareness, self control, social attachment, and ability to relate with others
- unable to use NVC to express emotions
