Exam 1 (ch 1-4) Flashcards
1
Q
Communication
A
the process through which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media
2
Q
basic communication model
A
sender (encoder) -> message (channel) -> receiver (decoder) -> feedback (REPEAT)
3
Q
encoding
A
sender. the process of using cognitivie skills to create a message ready for transmission to receivers
4
Q
decoding
A
receiver. the process of using skills to interpret a code
5
Q
important points in comm model
A
- we cant not communicate
- nonverbal behaviors can influence the sender and receiver
- the role of nonverbal communication can change from person to person
6
Q
nonverbal communication
A
the study of behaviors other than words that create shared meanings between people who are interacting with each other
7
Q
Physical comm environment
A
- fixed features ex. room, walls
- movable objects ex. desks, lamps
- architecture
8
Q
Spatial comm Environment
A
- proxemics - space between people
9
Q
communicators physical characteristics
A
- actriveness, body shape, odor, artifacts, tatoos
10
Q
kinesics types
A
- speech (with or w/o verbal) ex. thumbs up
- gestures
- posture
11
Q
self focused touch
A
behaviors that reflect a persons state of mind or habit ex. hugging self or biting nails
12
Q
facial expressions
A
expressions of emotional states, provide feedback, and manage the flow of interaction
13
Q
vocal behavior
A
focuses not on what is said but how it is said
14
Q
emoticons/CMC
A
technology has not reduced the importance of NV comm
15
Q
time
A
chronemics - study of how time can be used to communicate ex. late to class = dont care
16
Q
repeating
A
verbals and nonverbals give a message twice
ex. saying good job and giving a thumbs up
17
Q
conflicting
A
saying one thing verbally and another nonverbally
18
Q
complementing
A
hand gestures while talking
19
Q
subsitiuting
A
using nonverbals instead of verbals
ex. shaking head instead of saying no
20
Q
accenting and moderating
A
emphasizing words
21
Q
regulating
A
giving a confused face to show that you dont understand
22
Q
History of nonverbal
A
- been around for centuries
- scholars are interested in how we express emotions, convey attitudes, and personality, and how we accompany our speech
23
Q
nonverbal communication research 6 steps
A
- reviewing the literature
- establishing a theoretical perspective
- finding a methodology
- collecting data
- analyzing data
- applying the findings to real world situations
24
Q
reviewing literature
A
- allows scholars to recognize what has already been done, and realize what should be done next
- comm, psych, soci - 3 fields that study nonverbals
25
establishing a theoretical perspective
- theories do three things: explain behavior, predict future behavior, control for additional causes
- a theory guides how researchers conduct and interpret their studies
26
finding and selecting a methodology
- systematic ways of inquiry
| - derived from what best addresses the hypothesis or research question
27
hypothesis
a prediction based on well founded research
28
research question
an inquiry about a phenomenon needing to be explored
29
quantitative analysis
focuses in numbers. interpretations of statistical results
30
qualitative analysis
focuses on the content. interpretation of meaning and understanding
31
nature
- genetics, hardwired aspects of our identity
- inherited traits
- centered on the idea that some messages have a universal meaning
32
nurture
- how we are socialized
- learned or taught
- we assign meaning to messages
33
inherited neurological programs
- nature
- cant control
- with you when you were born
34
experiences common to all members of the species
nature
35
experiences that vary with cultures, class, family, or individual
nurture
36
evidence from sensory deprivation
- nature
- filmed several blind and/or deaf children to compare their behaviors with seeing and hearing children
- even though there are similarities, blind and/or deaf children do show a small difference
37
evidence from infants
- nature
- researchers have looked at babies behaviors minuted or hours after birth
- newborns seem to have the facial muscle actions needed to express most basic affect displays of adults
38
evidence from twin studies
- nature
- twins who have the same exact DNA but were seperated at birth so they were raised in different environments
- overall findings suggest body language and vocal characteristics very similar
39
evidence from primates
- nature
- behavioral similarities between people and monkeys and apes often linked to common biological systems
- display of anger (tense mouth, hit things) is similar. avoiding pain, emotional displays, leadership heirachies, developing relationships, group cooperation
40
evidence from multicultural studies
- nurture
- some facial expressions have been shown to mean the same thing across cultures ex. smile
- some NV cues have very different meanings ex. eye contact
41
power distance
US has low power distance
42
Individualism/ Collectiveism
US individualistic
43
kinestics
the study of how human beings communicate through the use of body movement
- gestures, posture, facial expressions, eye behavior
44
functions of gestures
- replace - used instead of words
- regulate - assists with the flow of conversation
- maintain - used to keep attention
- emphasize - used to add clarity
45
speech independent gestures
- also known as emblems or autonomous gestures
- used intentionally by the sender
- can be used when verbal channels are blocked or fail
- meaning can change from culture to culture
- ex. peace sign or middle finger
46
speech related gestures
- also know as illustrators
- meanings are revealed by how they relate to spoken words
- used to reference things
- used to express concrete ideas (ex. the shape of something
- used to express abstract ideas (ex. explaining your feeling)
47
regulators
allow us to regulate when to talk and when to allow other to talk
48
turn-maintaining
- my turn to talk
- how you let them know that you are still talking
- ex. one minute signal
49
turn-yielding
- your turn to talk
- how you let them know its their turn to talk
- ex. relaxed posture
50
Adaptors
gestures that are learned, often in childhood and reflect nervous habits
- ex. smoking, biting nails
51
affect displays
- gestures that displays some form of emotions
- often a primary way of expressing emotional states
- ex. wiping tears
- anxiety ex. grabbing forehead
- mad ex. throwing arms up and walking away
52
delivery gestures
- refers to the presentation of information by the speaker to the audience
53
citing gestures
- refers to a previous contribution by the audience
| - "as you already said"
54
seeking gestures
- gestures meant to elicit a specific response or approval from the audience
- ex. upside down point to ask a question
55
emotional state of the speaker
more gestures when excited
56
concerned about comprehension
explaining complex topics increases gesture frequency
57
when trying to dominate a conversation
more gestures
58
body posture
- refers to a characteristic way of bearing ones body
| - how we physically carry ourselves but can be a strong nonverbal indicator
59
immeciacy
- psychological perception of closeness
| - relaxed body posture if immediate
60
relaxation
how comfortable you are with relaxing your body posture or not
61
self synchrony
- the coordination of a single speakers speech and movement
| - high self synchrony = competent communicators
62
interaction synchrony
- being on the same page with an interaction partner
63
matching
mimicking the behavior of another person
64
meshing
doing similar behaviors as another person
65
proxemics
the study of how humans use space to communicate
66
the concept of terriroriality
- human territoriality is the presumptive claim by one or more people of a geographic area
- helps to regulate social interactions
- humans have a need to stake out and claim space to call their own
67
primary terrirory
- clearly the exclusive domain of their owner
- central for daily functioning
- car, bedroom
68
secondary territory
- use frequently but cant kick people out of
- not central to daily life
- can be associated with a particular person or group who is frequently seen around it
- ex. couch in apt., tv in living room
69
Public territory
- spaces open to anyone for temporary ownership
| - ex. table in the lair, parking spot, seat ing lecture hall
70
violation
- unwarranted use of anothers territory
- could be done with eyes, voice, body
- doesnt have to be purposeful
- ex. close talkers
71
Invasion
- attempts to take over and dominate anothers territory
- more permanent than violation and more drastic
- ex. parents staying the weekend or friend sleeping on couch a couple of nights
72
contamination
- defiling another territory by what we leave behind
- leaving a trail
- ex. hosting a party and not cleaning up
73
reactions to violation, invasion, and contamination are based on
- how much we may like someone
- what is their intent
- what is the context
- what is your mood (emotional state)
74
prevention
- things we do that help prevent encroachments on our space
- objects used to designate territory
- ex. locking the door, headphones
75
reactions
- encroachment violations cause arousal - could be positive or negative
- could be very noticeable or not
76
density
number of people per given unit of space
77
crowding
the psychological feeling people get based on how many people are around
78
environmental factors of discomfort
- reduced space, unwanted noise, lack of resources, absence of territorial markers
79
personal factors of discomfort
- gender, self esteem, prior experiences
80
social factors of discomfort
- interactions that may be perceived as hostile, inescapable interactions
81
goal related factors of discomfort
- inability to accomplish a desired goal
82
effects of high density on people
- does not increase stress or antisocial behavior
83
effects of high feelings of crowding on people
- produces negative behaviors
84
coping with high density
- attempting to establish elements of our own personal space
| - we do this to reclaim some form of comfort
85
conversational distance
- edward hall devised a 4 tier typology for how we use space
- we learn intimate distances early on as a child
- norms of conversational distance develop as we age
86
public zone
- outer region of our space bubble
| - 8ft +
87
social zone
- socio - consultative
- where most business is transacted
- 4 to 8 ft
88
personal zone
- castual - personal
- used during most conversations
- 18in - 4 ft
89
Intimate zone
- innermost interaction region
| - 0 to 18 in
90
sex zone factors
- females tent to interact closer than men
- m/m pairs = most distance
- f/f pairs = closest
- m/f pairs = intermediate distance
91
zone sex nature/nurture
men are hardwired to be more competitive
| women are taught to be more caring
92
age zones
- old (60+) and young (10 and younger) interact the closest
- distance norms expand gradually from 6 to early adolescence (11-13)
- children learn to encode proxemics before they learn to decode
93
pleasant conversation
closer proxemics
94
unpleasant conversation
more distance
95
increased density demands
- closer to we are okay with the closer proxemics
| - ex. at parties we dont mind being crowded but we would in a classroom
96
personality characteristics
- introverts and anxiety prone people use more space
| - people with high self concept or high acceptance needs are likely to use less space
97
seating behaviors
P S P
T T
P S P
```
T = task leader
S = socio emotional leaders
P = other people
```
98
leaders & dominant people
sit at head of table
99
spatial position
determines the flow of conversation
100
4 Cs
conversation
coaction
cooperation
competition
pg 55 pictures
101
Introversion seating
- sit at physical and visual distances from others
102
exraversion seating
- sits opposite of others
- disregard positions that put them at angles from others
- sit in close proximity to others
103
perceptions of warmth
- psychological feeling
- could be influenced by things like color or furnishings
- fast food encourages warmth in order to seem inviting but enough coldness to encourage customer turnover
104
perceptions of privacy
- enclosed environment suggests greater privacy
- greater privacy means we're more relaxed and might share more personal messages
- ex. "members only" or "21 and older"
105
perceptions of familiarity
- expectancy development
- unfamiliar environments present us with rituals, rules, and norms that we aren't accustomed to which could inhibit our behavior
- chain restaurants seek to present familiar environments
106
perceptions of constraint
- our perception is based on how easily we can leave a situation
- doesnt have to be physical space
107
perceptions of distance
- based on how close we have to conduct our communication
| - could reflect a physical or psychological distance
