exam answer keys Flashcards
although there are many kinds of specialized cell types, there are only ____ kinds of tissues.
4
the strength of skin and of the connections between bones is due to the protein ______.
collagen
which of the following statements about muscle tissue is false?
it is a form of connective tissue
which type of tissue is responsible for secreting digestive enzyme?
epithelial
which of the following is the correct pairing between the muscle type and feature?
cardiac- branched cells arranged in interlinked network
which of the following describes an involuntary control of muscle?
pupil constriction in response to light, and movement of gut to mass food through
which of the following muscle types uses calcium ions to trigger actin-myosin interactions for movement?
cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
the strength or weakness of a muscle contraction depends on the number of motor units activated and the frequency at which they are firing. An increase in either of these 2 factors allows for graded contraction through the process of ____.
summation
most of the water in the body is found ____.
intracellularly
suppose that the rate of a particular biological function at 15 degrees C is X. If the Q10 of that function at 25 degrees C is ____, the rate is ____.
1; X
environmental temperature influences the body temperature of many animals, especially those that live in ____ environments.
aquatic
predict the probable metabolic response of a mammal exposed to a 3-5 degree C environmental temperature change from 0 degrees C.
decreased metabolic rate
some organisms, such as grasshoppers, earthworms, and squids, have clusters of neurons called ____.
ganglia
when you read this question and your nervous system sends the information from your eyes to your brain, the information is carried by ______.
afferent neurons
what is the difference between glia and neurons?
glia are cells that nourish and support the neurons
which of the following brain areas integrates sensory and motor information?
cerebellum
the resting potential across the neuronal membrane is generally maintained by the _____.
sodium-potassium pump
most synapses ______.
in vertebrates are chemical synapses; cover a space about 25 nm wide; are crossed by neurotransmitters; are about 1/2000th the width of a human hair
directly following depolarization, the neural membrane potential is restored in some neurons when…
K+ ions rush outward through the membrane
in general, ____ are cells of the nervous system that transduce physical or chemical stimuli into signals that are transmitted to other parts of the nervous system for processing and interpretation.
sensory cells
chemoreceptors _______.
are possessed by all animals, including humans, and can cause strong behavioral responses
what is the physiological basis for the auditory system’s ability to distinguish different sound frequencies?
different sections of the basilar membrane respond differentially
the respiratory system of insects consists of _____.
branched air tubes called tracheae that supply capillaries
which of the following is not seen in fish gills?
bidirectional ventilation of the gills
the lungs expand in inhalation because _____.
the volume of the thoracic cavity increases
oxygen can be exchanged more easily in air than in water because ____.
the oxygen content of air is higher than that of water, oxygen diffuses more slowly in water than in air, and more energy is required to move water than air because water is denser
a cardiovascular system is not necessary in the hydra because the hydra _____.
is only 2 cells thick.
imagine that a paleontologist finds a fragment of a fossilized vertebrate that indicates that the animal had a 4-chambered heart. The animal could be a _______.
crocodile or bird
which of the following is an example of an animal with an open circulatory system?
grasshopper
as blood enters the capillaries from the arterioles, blood pressure _____ and surface area _____.
decreases; increases
primates should eat citrus fruits to prevent scurvy, which is due to a deficiency of _____.
ascorbic acid
organisms that derive their energy and molecular nutrients from other organisms are called _____.
heterotrophs
a mammal with a diet of grain and leaves would be expected to have which kind of teeth?
prominent molars and small canines
what hormone induces loss of chlorophyll, causing leaves on trees to appear red, yellow, or orange, then abscise (fall off) in autumn?
ethylene
what hormone is responsible for stems bending toward light?
auxin
if green bananas are placed in a closed bag they will ripen much more quickly compared to green bananas left in the open. This hastened ripening is caused by which hormone?
ethylene
when plants are in very dry soil, they can fight off death by desiccation by closing their stomata. Which hormone is deployed to override the stomate-opening stimuli?
abscisic acid
stem elongation, fruit enlargement, and seed germination are all stimulated by which hormone?
gibberellic acid
which of the following is not part of the mechanism by which a hormone causes changes in gene expression?
the hormone stimulates the synthesis of its receptor protein in a target cell
which of the following is not part of the process of phototropism?
low levels of auxin on the shaded side causes increased growth on that side, resulting in bending
which of the following statements about petals is not true?
they are the only kind of organ found in flowers
meiosis takes place in flowers. which of the following best describes where?
in ovules inside the ovary and in the anther of stamens
which of the following statements is not true of pollen in angiosperms?
sperm in pollen move by posterior flagella
which of the following is not a mechanism that increases the likelihood that seeds contain embryos with 2 different parents?
hermaphroditic flowers
angiosperms exhibit double fertilization. which of the following best describes what develops from this process?
embryo and endosperm
which of the following hormones directly stimulates molting in an insect larva?
ecdysone
steroid hormones _____.
must bind to carrier/transport proteins to be transported in the blood to their target cells
malfunctioning of the thyroid gland in the human adult can result in ______.
goiter
which hormone is responsible for the conversion of glycogen into glucose when serum levels fall?
glucagon
which of the following is the correct order of movement down the axis?
hypothalamus –> posterior pituitary –> kidney
when a hormone’s receptor is on the cell that secretes the hormone, the cell is said to have an ______ function.
autocrine
which of the following statements about sex steroids is false?
absence of the X chromosome causes the embryonic gonads of mammals to produce androgens
defensins, which are toxic to a wide range of pathogens, are produced by _____.
mucous membranes
which of the following cells release histamines upon damage?
mast cells & basophils